Assume that a∈[-1,1] and θ∈(0,2). The utility function is given by u(a,θ)=a(θ-1). Which of the following action is never optimal ex-post? a. 0 b. All can be optimal ex-post c. 1 d. -1
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- Ding Ding is a cat philosopher. He spends his time on two activities. Sleep and thinking. Both activities produce pleasure to Ding Ding. How effective Ding Ding is in each activity varies day by day. But on a given day, if he spend “s” effective hours in sleeping and “t” effective hours in thinking, his utility is u(s,t)=s^2+t. you can assume that time is continuous in answering the following question. (A) Let us first ignore that there are only 24 hours each day. Label “s” on the x-axis and “t” on the y-axis in a diagram. Draw two indifference curves u(s,t)=s^2+t=24^2=576, and u(s,t)= s^2+t=12^2=144. On each indifference curve, you have to mark at least the coordinates of four points to illustrate the shape of it. (B) Describe in words how these two indifference curves in (a) relate to each other.You are maxiimizing utility when :A)(MU of X)/(P of X) < (MU of Y)/(P of Y). B)(MU of X)/(P of X) > (MU of Y)/(P of Y). C)(MU of X)/(P of X) = (MU of Y)/(P of Y). D)(MU of X)/(P of Y) = (MU of Y)/(P of X).Q- Marginal utility can never be negative. True/False
- Ice cream and cakes are perfect substitutes for a child, and 2 units of ice cream is always worth 3 units of cakes (however many ice creams or cakes she might have, she would be willing to give up 2 ice creams to get 3 more cakes to keep the same utility level) . (a) Write down a utility function u(x,y) that represents the child's preferences, where x is the number of ice creams and y is the number of cakes she has. (b) If the prices are px= 8 and py =5, and she has $140 to spend on the two goods this summer, what is her optimal bundle? (c) If the price of ice creams decreases slightly, down to px = 7, what happens to her optimal bundle in this case? Did it change "slightly" compared to (b)?Suppose a consumer's utility is given by: u (x1, x2) = a/xT + b/x2 Where a= 8, and b = 4 %3D What is the value of MU1 (x1, X2)when x1=9 and x2=8. (Note: The answer may not be a whole number, so round to the nearest hundredth) (Note: The numbers may change between questions, so read carefully)Charlie's utility function is (1-a) U(xa, XB) = Ax“xr-) where A > 0 and a > 0
- What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of theform u(x1, x2) = √x1 + x2? What about the utility function v(x1, x2) =13x1 + 13x2?1. A standard model of choice under risk is Expected Utility Theory (EUT) in which preferences over lotteries that pay monetary prizes (x₁, x2, ..., xs) with probabilities (P1, P2, ..., Ps) with Eps = 1 are represented by the function L S (a) What does it mean to say that a function represents the consumer's prefer- ences? Σpsu(xs) Choice 1 8=1 (b) State and briefly comment on the axioms required for the EUT representation. (c) Consider the following experiment of decision making under risk in which sub- jects are asked which lottery they prefer in each of the following two choices: Lottery B 0 with prob. 0.01 10 with prob. 0.89 50 with prob. 0.10 Lottery D Choice 2 Lottery A 0 with prob. 0 10 with prob. 1 50 with prob. 0 Lottery C 0 with prob. 0.90 10 with prob. 0 50 with prob. 0.10 Suppose that the modal responses are Lottery A in Choice 1 and Lottery D in Choice 2. Assume that utility of zero is equal to zero and illustrate why it is not possible to reconcile these experimental…Problem 3 Consider a CES utility function. 0-1 0-1\0-1 Uf = + a2 (c2t) Derive u; as 0 → 1.
- Suppose that you go to a restaurant with your friends. a) One of your friends always eat exactly one chicken wrap (C) and drinks two cups of ayran (A). He never changes this combination of food choice. (i) Write the utility function of your friend to represent his preferences. (ii) Draw couple of indifference curves of your friend on graph with appropriate labels. (iii) Determine the demand function of your friend for each product as a function of prices and income. Denote prices as Pc, Pa; income as M. b) Suppose that one of your friends does not care if she consumes spaghetti(S or noodle(N).She wants to consume either two-dish spaghetti or two-dish noodle or any combination of both which adds up to two dishes. (i) Write the utility function of your friend to represent his preferences. (ii) Draw couple of indifference curves of your friend on graph with appropriate labels. (iii) Denote prices as Pn, Ps; income as M. If Pn < Ps, then determine the demand…A consumer has the following utility function: U(x.y)=x(y+1), where x and y are quantities of two consumption goods whose prices are Px and Py, respectively. The consumer also has a budget of B. Therefore, the Lagrangian for this consumer is x(y + 1) + X(B – Prx – Py) (a) Verify that this is a maximum by checking the second-order conditions. By substituting x* and y* into the utility function, find an expression for the indirect utility function U* = U(Pr, Py, B) and derive an expression for the expenditure function E = E(Pr, Py, U*) (b) This problem could be recast as the following dual problem Min Prx + Pyy Subject to æ(y + 1) = U* Find the values of x and y that solve this minimization problem and show that the values of x and y are equal to the partial derivatives of the expenditure function, ðE/ðP, and ðE/ðP, respectively.A consumer consumes pizza and soda always in the fixed proportion of 3 slices of pizza (x) with 2 cups of soda (y). Any pizza or soda not consumed together with the proportional amount of the other is useless to her. (a) Write down a utility function u(x,y) that represents her preferences. (b) If she has I = $60 budget and px = 4, py = 4, what is her optimal bundle? (c) In (b), If the price of soda increases to $6, how much money should she be compensated so that she achieves the same level of utility before the price increase? (d) Returning to (b), If the price of soda increases to $6, how much should the price of pizza be reduced so that she achieves the same level of utility before the price hike? (e) In (a), what values of a and b she is indifferent between the bundle "30 slices of pizza and a cups of soda" and the bundle "b slices of pizza and 40 cups of soda". Find at least two (a,b) pairs to get full points.