Assume that the molecular clock for the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila ticks at a rate of 5 X 10-⁹ substitutions per bp per year. On a volcanic island you find two species of Drosophila, descended from one species that colonized the island sometime after it first rose out of the ocean. You sequence the Adh genes of the two species and find they show 5 synonymous substitutions in 1,000 bp. 2A. What is the rate of divergence between these 2 species of Drosophila? (Hint: Recall that substitutions are happening in both species.) 2B. How long ago did the two species diverge? 2C. How old is the island? Hint: you cannot give an exact age.

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Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.