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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- In this case a family history revealed a genetic basis for the disorder. The pedigree is shown in Fig. 1 Below. Key Ø Female: affected Female: unaffected || IV V 5600 orize 077808 15 10 9 10 CHO વ Male: affected Male: unaffected Deceased Disease status not given Dizygotic twins Monozygotic twins Fig. 1 Disease pedigree. Five generations I, II, III, IV, V are shown. Females are represented by circles, males by squares, dizygotic (non-identical) twins by diagonal lines originating from the same point, Monozygotic (identical) twins by diagonal lines originating from the same point and joined symbols and deceased by a diagonal line through the symbol. Filled symbols indicate that the individual displays the disease phenotype. Unfilled symbols indicate that the individual does not display the disease phenotype. Carriers of the disease are not indicated. Information on disease status is not known for generation I and is omitted for the individuals represented by a symbol with an asterisk.…In individuals affected by cystic fibrosis, salt crystals may appear afterperspiration dries up. In addition, the disease causes respiratory disorderswhich can be both debilitating and lethal. It occurs in individuals homozygousfor recessive gene. If 2 normal parents had a daughter with the symptoms ofthis disease, and a normal son, what is the probability that he might be acarrier of the recessive gene?Express answer in fraction form.As a Drosophila research geneticist, you keep stocksof flies of specific genotypes. You have a fly that hasnormal wings (dominant phenotype). Flies with shortwings are homozygous for a recessive allele of thewing-length gene. You need to know if this fly withnormal wings is pure-breeding or heterozygous forthe wing-length trait. What cross would you do todetermine the genotype, and what results would youexpect for each possible genotype?
- Which of the Pedigree Diagrams above is most likely to show a family with Achondroplasia? A KEY Homozygous Homozygous Heterozygous Heterozygous Wild Type Male Female Male Female Male с. Note: Completely red symbol denotes an individual exhibiting the phenotype of interest 11 IV V 1/4 1/2 1/2 ₂₂( 1/2 1/2 5 1/4 Wild Type Female 1/2 B Affected Known carrier Affected female Normal female Affected male Normal male DTTGG ttgg F1 TG tg F2 TtGg Which types of genotypes are represented in F1 and F2 in the above figure, respectively? heterozygous and heterozygous heterozygous and homozygous homozygous and heterozygous homozygous and homozygousAlbino rabbits (lacking pigment) are homozygous forthe recessive c allele (C allows pigment formation).Rabbits homozygous for the recessive b allele makebrown pigment, while those with at least one copy ofB make black pigment. True-breeding brown rabbitswere crossed to albinos, which were also BB. F1 rabbits, which were all black, were crossed to the doublerecessive (bb cc). The progeny obtained were 34black, 66 brown, and 100 albino.a. What phenotypic proportions would have beenexpected if the b and c loci were unlinked?b. How far apart are the two loci?
- Aboten te breed a pea plant that displays a very specific phenotype, they would like a pea plant with green seeds in a yellow pod Using their knowledge of the pea plants they are working with they have del hich trat e dominant and which are recessive, as well as, what alieles are present in the parent plants. Pea Plant Traits Flower Flower Seed Color Po S Pod Color Plant Sire Color Location Axial YG Yg yG yg Infiated Green Purple Tall yG R Y. G. T. yg Terminal Short (Dwarf) Weinkled Green Constricted Yellow White yG yg y t PreviousPurple flowers are dominant to white flowers. Identify the phenotypefor the following genotype Ff, FF, ff and determine if the genotype is heterozygous or homozygous. * For each row, you should select two columns. Purple flowers White flowers Heterozygous Homozygous Ff FF ff Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. Identify the phenotype for the following genotype BB, Bb, bb and determine if the genotype is heterozygous or homozygous. * 口 ロ口n a container/tub, place 50 pieces ofred paper, 50 pieces of pink paper, and50 pieces of white paper. Let usassume that each color is thephenotypic expression of thegenotypes homozygous dominant AA(red), heterozygous Aa (pink), andhomozygous recessive aa (white).Without looking, randomly pick 20 pieces of paper from your container/tub and assumethat those individuals died upon picking, thus will be removed from your population. a. If you are a picky eater and prefer the white only, what do you think will happen in the genotypic frequency and allelic frequencies of the red, pink and white pieces of papers?
- Three recessive traits in garden pea plants are as follows: yellowpods are recessive to green pods, bluish green seedlings are recessiveto green seedlings, creeper (a plant that cannot stand up) isrecessive to normal. A true-breeding normal plant with green podsand green seedlings was crossed to a creeper with yellow pods andbluish green seedlings. The F1 plants were then crossed to creeperswith yellow pods and bluish green seedlings. The following resultswere obtained: 2059 green pods, green seedlings, normal151 green pods, green seedlings, creeper281 green pods, bluish green seedlings, normal15 green pods, bluish green seedlings, creeper2041 yellow pods, bluish green seedlings, creeper157 yellow pods, bluish green seedlings, normal282 yellow pods, green seedlings, creeper11 yellow pods, green seedlings, normal Construct a genetic map that indicates the map distances betweenthese three genes?Mendel believed that gametes have only one factor for each inherited trait. Which observations supports Mendel's idea? * O diploid cells are produced by mitosis O diploid cells are produced by meiosis O haploid cells are produced by meiosis haploid cells are produced by mitosis Meiosis in animals is responsible for the formation of what type of cells? (select all the apply) * Gametes uacte. A geneticist mapping the genes A, B, C, D, and E makestwo 3-point testcrosses. The first cross of pure lines isA/A ⋅ B/B ⋅ C/C ⋅ D/D ⋅ E/E × a/a ⋅ b/b ⋅ C/C ⋅ d/d ⋅ E/EThe geneticist crosses the F1 with a recessive tester andclassifies the progeny by the gametic contribution ofthe F1:A ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 316a ⋅ b ⋅ C ⋅ d ⋅ E 314A ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ d ⋅ E 31a ⋅ b ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 39A ⋅ b ⋅ C ⋅ d ⋅ E 130a ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 140A ⋅ b ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 17a ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ d ⋅ E 131000The second cross of pure lines is A/A • B/B • C/C • D/D •E/E × a/a • B/B • c/c • D/D • e/e.The geneticist crosses the F1 from this cross with arecessive tester and obtainsA ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 243a ⋅ B ⋅ c ⋅ D ⋅ e 237A ⋅ B ⋅ c ⋅ D ⋅ e 62a ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E 58A ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ e 155a ⋅ B ⋅ c ⋅ D ⋅ E 165a ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ e 46A ⋅ B ⋅ c ⋅ D ⋅ E 341000The geneticist also knows that genes D and E assortindependently.a. Draw a map of these genes, showing distances inmap units wherever possible.b. Is there any evidence of interference?