4. Glucose containing 4Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes in an experiment.Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis increased.The determination of carbon atoms in the triacylglycerol molecule confirmedthat all carbon atoms in glycerol and fatty acids were "C atoms. Explain theresults of the experiment. For that:a) name the mectabolites required for triacylglycerol synthesis, which areproduced by glucose catabolism;b) draw the scheme of glucose catabolism to metabolites required fortriacylglycerol synthesis which would explain the appearance of 4C atoms inthe triacylglycerol molecule;c) draw the scheme representing the conversion of extra glucose totriacylglycerols in the liver.

Triglyceride molecules are the most common way for fatty acids to be stored and transported within…

Answered: 4. Glucose containing Catoms was added…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. The optimal conditions for salivary lysozyme (hydrolyzing glycoproteins ofbacterial wall) are 37 C- temperature and pH is 5.2. Explain the decrease in this enzyme activity if the temperature will rise up to 60 °C and pH will be changed to 8.0. To answer the question: a) draw the graph of the velocity dependency on temperature and pH; b) calculate the relative enzyme activity if 10 mg of lysozyme catalyzes the formation of 5 uM of the product per 2 minutes. 2 Consider the matic reaction schee: Asnaragine + H20 Aspartate+ NH3:
19. Which statement is TRUE of sphingolipid synthesis? 1.All of the carbon atoms of palmitate and serine are incorporated into sphingosine. 2CDP-sphingosine is the activated intermediate. 3CO2 is produced during the synthesis of ceramide from palmitate and serine. 4Glucose 6-phosphate is the direct precursor of the glucose in cerebrosides. 5Phosphatidic acid is a key intermediate in the pathway.
A mixture of four a-[3?P]-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates was added to permeabilized bacterial cells undergoing DNA replication,
5. Shown below are the first steps in the mechanism of a cysteine protease, which catalyses amide bond hydrolysis in a similar manner as serine proteases. (a) Complete this mechanisms, and (b) sketch the approximate reaction coordinate diagram for this catalyzed reaction relative to the uncatalyzed proteolysis. HN N HN cysteine protease
Select the term in column B which best matches the description in column A. There are more terms then needed. Column A Column B 1. The pentose sugar found in DNA. a) Cis fatty acid b) Trans fatty acid c) Coenzyme d) Cofacipr 2. Commonly referred to as "insoluble fiber". 3. Considered to be an amphipathic molecule. 4. A molecule with the formula C18H3602 is probably a e) Phospholipid 5. Bond created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein. ) Glycogen 6. A non-protein organic molecule needed for proper enzyme functioning. g) Cellulose 7. Pyrimidine base found only in RNA. h) Galactose i) Fructose 8. Increasing the number of these molecules in the cell membrane would increase the permeability of the cell membrane. i) Thymine k) Uracil 9. Bond which connects nucleotide monomers together. 1) Fatty acid m) Disaccharide n) Peptide bond o) A-Helix p) B-Pleated Sheet q) Ribose r) Deoxyribose 10.
1. Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human blood serum.Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyze biological phosphate esters as follows: R-O-P-O3-2 + H 2O  R-OH + HO-P-O3-2. Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver, and prostate gland. The enzyme from the prostate gland is clinically important because an increased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostate gland. Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostate gland, but not acid phosphatases from other tissues. How canyou use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostate gland in human blood serum?
1. Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human blood serum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyze biological phosphate esters as follows: R-O-P-O, + H 20→ R-OH + HO-P-O;?. Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver, and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because an increased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland. Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acid phosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in human blood serum?
1. Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H 2O R-OH + HO-P-O3-2.Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specificprocedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?
5) A certain aerobic organism is able to metabolize the following glycolipid: "CH,OH OH HO OH A. Draw the 2 resulting structures that would occur upon initial hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic bond. B. Calculate how much ATP is formed upon complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of the compound. Assume that no ATP is produced when one mole of the glycosidic bond in the above compound is hydrolyzed. Show calculation below.
(i) Describe the mechanism of chymotrypsin in cleaving a peptide bond, highlighting the roles of the catalytice triad for the two phases of the catalytic reactions. Explain the significance of the oxyanion hole for the catalysis. (ii) All serine proteases contain the catalytic triad and these amino acids are positioned in the exact same conformation. Since this is true, why do trypsin and chymotrypsin have such different substrate specificity? What features of the enzyme allow for this situation?
Of course, one cannot stick a piece of tape to each carbon atom in the actual glucosemolecule. But one can do the next best thing: use radioisotopes to trace themovement of various atoms. Specifically, because carbon dioxide is a gas, usingradioactive C-14 allows for the easy detection of the 14CO2 that is given off.Suppose you introduce one glucose molecule that has had all of its carbons radioactivelylabeled. Suppose further that each step in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle takes oneminute to complete (so glycolysis, for instance, takes ten minutes to complete, theconversion to acetyl CoA takes one minute, and the citric acid cycle takes eight minutes).Draw a plot of time (x-axis) versus radioactivity detected by a gas sensor (y-axis). Labelthe x-axis with enough time increments so it is clear at what minute the radioactivitywas detected. Use differing peak heights to give an indication of the amount ofradioactivity detected at that point.
4. a) Structures A, B and C are derivatives of penicillin Н NHH +x A i) ii) iii) CO₂H HH Ex B CO₂H R Describe briefly how the activity of B and C compares with A. b) The biosynthesis of penicillin involves two amino acids с Name the two amino acids. What is the name of the enzyme inhibited by the penicillin? What does penicillin mimic in bacteria cell wall synthesis?

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