3. In Drosophila, sepia eyes are caused by a recessive mutation. Suppose that you find that 16 % of the flies in a population have sepia eyes. a. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? b. What must you assume to solve this problem?
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3. In Drosophila, sepia eyes are caused by a recessive mutation. Suppose that you find that 16 % of the flies in a population have sepia eyes.
a. What is the frequency of the dominant allele?
b. What must you assume to solve this problem?
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Solved in 2 steps
- 1. In Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) experiment, if we are going to cross male and female red-eyed fruit flies, we have the resulting offspring ratio of 50% red-eyed for female, 25 % for red-eyed male and 25% for white-eyed male. Females which are either homozygous or heterozygous for a trait still expressed eye redness whereas males can easily be affected. Why is this so? a. Females are the carriers of a gene for eye redness b. Y chromosome is responsible for red eyes in fruit flies, c. The gene for eye redness is an X-link dominant trait, d. Having a red-eyed trait is dominantly expressed by females1. Describe what you think would happen if a male mouse acquired a mutation that gave it tan or a sandy colored belly AND female mice wanted to mate with this more about 1 % more than a male mouse with a white belly? 2. Now, suppose that the females were really wild about the sandy colored belly of this male mouse. The females wanted to mate with this lucky mouse about 10% more than males with a white belly? What would happen to the frequency of sandy colored bellies in this population over time? 3. What is the selective pressure at work in questions 1 & 3? 4. Describe what this statement means: "The division of humans into races by using skin color is an arbitrary social construct." 5. What are melanosomes? Name the cell type that produces melanosomes. 6. What happens to melanosomes after they are released into keratinocytes? 7. List the three factors that work together to create the range of skin colors we see today. 8. Describe the main function of keratinocytes and of…1.In Drosophila melanogaster body color is controlled by one gene while wing shape is controlled by a second gene. Gray body color is dominant to black body color, and normal wings are dominant to vestigial wings. Flies homozygous for gray body color and vestigial wings are crossed with flies homozygous for black body color and normal wings. A.compare the possible f2 generation genotypes and phenotypes and proportions if these two traits. B.How does your answer change if one of the original parents is homozygous for gray body color and normal wings while the other has black body color and vestigial wings?
- Smaug (The Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities, The Unassessably Wealthy, The Stupendous, etc.), is the dragon who lords over the Lonely Mountain in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. He is described with the following phenotypes: Reddish-golden scales Batlike wings Fire breathing Let's assume the following inheritance models are true for the dragon phenotypes observed: Phenotype Scale Color Wing Shape Fire Breathing Alleles R¹ (Red scales), R² (Gold scales) X¹ (Bat-like, Dominant), Xi (Insect-like, Recessive) F (Fire breathing), f (unable to create fire) Inheritance Model Incomplete dominance X-linked allele Mendelian7. The dominant allele H reduces the number of body bristles in fruit flies, giving rise to a hairless phenotype. In the homozygou condition, H is lethal. The dominant allele S has no effect on bristle number except in the presence of H, in which case a single S allele suppresses the hairless phenotype, thus restoring the bristles. However, S is also lethal in homozygotes. a. What ratio of flies with normal bristles to hairless individuals would we find in the live progeny of a cross between two normal flies both carrying the H allele in the suppressed condition? b. When the hairless progeny of the previous cross are crossed with one of the parental normal flies from part (a) (meaning a fly that carries H in the suppressed condition), what phenotypic ratio would you expect to find among their live progeny?3. People who like certain purebred dog breeds, such as German shepherd dogs, are often saddened to learn that some individuals of these purebred breeds have specific genetic defects that might be due to single mutations that are present in the breed. For example, German shepherd dogs often suffer from hip dysplasia. Not all German shepherd individuals seem to have this mutant allele for hip dysplasia. How might you use your knowledge of linkage to select a German shepherd population that has all the phenotypic traits you want with this breed while no longer having a genetic predisposition to hip dysplasia?
- 4. Thomas Morgan collected the following crossover gene frequencies while studying Drosophila. Bar-shaped eyes are indicated by the (B) allele, and carnation eyes are indicated by the allele (C). Fused veins on wings (F), leg length (A), and scalloped wings (D) are located on the same chromosomes. Construct a chromosome map. Which two genes are most likely going to be inherited together? Genes Crossover Frequency А& В 24.0% A & C 8.0% C & D A & F F & B 2.0% 16.0% 8.0% D & F 6.0%6. Suppose two independently assorting genes are involved in the pathway that determines color in squash. These genes interact with each other to produce the squash colors seen in the grocery store. At the first locus, the W allele codes for a dominant white phenotype, whereas the w allele codes for a colored squash. At the second locus, the allele G codes for a dominant yellow phenotype, and the allele g codes for a recessive green phenotype. The phenotypes from the first locus will always mask the phenotype produced by the second locus if the dominant allele (W) is present at the first locus. This masking pattern is known as dominant epistasis. a. A dihybrid squash (WwGg) is selfed and produces 160 offspring. How many offspring are expected have each of the following phenotypes? White: Yellow: Green: b. For the same squash species, what is the expected phenotype ratio for a cross of a green squash with a purebred yellow squash? c. For the same squash species, what is the expected…0. In Drosophila, the gene for cinnabar eye color is onchromosome 2, and the gene for scarlet eye color is onchromosome 3. A fly homozygous for both recessivecinnabar and scarlet alleles (cn/cn; st/st) is white-eyed.a. If male flies (containing chromosomes with thenormal gene order) heterozygous for cn and st allelesare crossed to white-eyed females homozygous forthe cn and st alleles, what are the expected phenotypes and their frequencies in the progeny?b. One unusual male heterozygous for cn and st alleles,when crossed to a white-eyed female, produced onlywild-type and white-eyed progeny. Explain the likelychromosomal constitution of this male.c. When the wild-type F1 females from the cross withthe unusual male were backcrossed to normal cn/cn;st/st males, the following results were obtained:wild type 45%cinnabar 5%scarlet 5%white 45%Diagram a genetic event at metaphase I that couldproduce the rare cinnabar or scarlet flies among theprogeny of the wild-type F1 females.
- 4. In Drosophila, three autosomal, recessive mutations are ebony body (e), sepia eye color (s), and hairless bristles (h). A female fly heterozygous at all loci was testcrossed with an ebony, sepia, hairless male; the progeny are shown below. Using the gene symbols stated åbove, answer the following questions. Phenotype Observed # of offspring Ebony sepia, hairless ebony, sepia 57 53 344 346 ral Hairless ebony, hairless Sepia wild type ebony, sepia, hairless Total offspring 11 9. 89 91 1000 A. Give the genotypes of the flies in the testcross. Write the answer using the gene symbols stated above and using proper notation. B. Deduce the linkage map showing all distances among the three genes. C. Calculate the interference. Show all work.25., Snow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. A population of 30,012 geese includes 9236 dark individuals. Genetic testing reveals that 7636 of the 9236 dark individuals are heterozygous (Dd). How many individuals are dd? 7636 13140 1600 2077619.Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene—an allele for long eyelashes (> 1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would produce which of the following gametes? A. None of the gametes would have the eyelash gene; gametes do not have eyelashes. B. The proportion of gametes receiving each allele would be random; the process of meiosis is very disorganized and chromosomes are not separated in an ordered fashion. C. All gametes would have the l allele. D. Half of the gametes would have the L allele and half of the gametes would have the l allele.