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- 3) Indicate the order in which the metabolites in citric acid cycle are produced; acetyl CoA as 1 and oxaloacetate as 9. Metabolites in Citric Acid Cycle Order Enzyme involved in the formation of the metabolite Acetyl CoA 1 Oxaloacetate 9. Succinyl SCOA Fumarate Malate Citrate Succinate a-Ketoglutarate Isocitrate3. Trace the course of the radioactive label in 2-[14C] glucose through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. At what points(s) in the cycle will the radioactivity be released as 14CO2? How many turns of the cycle will be required for complete conversion of the radioactivity to CO2? 4. Repeat problem 3 for pyruvate that is 14C-labeled at its methyl group.1. What are the main features on citric acid cycle? 2. What are the main components of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation? 3. Why do compound such as cyanide act as poisons when they disrupt the electron transport chain?
- 9. The equation below depicts the first step of the citric acid cycle. H0 CoA-SH CH-C + 0=C-CO0 HO C-COO citrate s-COA ČH2-COO synthase ČH2 -CO0 Citrate Acetyl-CoA Oxaloacetate AG" = -32.2 kJ/mol a) Explain the chemical conversions that take place during this step. b) Why is this reaction energetically favorable? Explain.1. Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex (including all enzymes and coenzymes) anddiscuss the role of the enzymes involved. 2. Graphically represent all the regulatory mechanisms of the citric acid cycle and discuss their effect on the cycle.3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation
- 1. Identify the oxidized coenzyme (letter abbreviation only) that participates in this reaction of the Kreb’s cycle. Succinate --> Fumarate 2. How many mol of NADH can be obtained upon the beta oxidation of stearic acid? 3. How many mol of ATP can be obtained upon the complete oxidation of 1 mol stearic acid? 4. How many steps in glycolysis in which ATO is converted to ADP?1. What are the main features on citric acid cycle?1. Explain the Chemiosmotic theory with regard to ATP generation in oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Explain how Phosphorylase activation differs between the liver and the muscle. What is the role of Epinephrine in Glycogen metabolism. 3. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate.
- 1. The citric acid cycle ends with the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase (MDH) shown below. The product of this reaction, oxaloacetate (OAA), combines with acetylCoA (catalyzed by citrate synthase) to begin the cycle. Given this answer the following questions. All of your work must be shown. R = 8.314 J mol-1 K -1 Malate + NAD* OAA + NADH a. What is the keq of the reaction given that AG" = 30.0 kJ/mol? Assume T = 298K. Please show your work. b. The concentration of malate within a rat mitochondria is about 0.20mM. Furthermore, the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] is around 10/1. Given this calculate the concentration of OAA within the mitochondria considering that the MDH reaction is at equilibrium under mitochondrial conditions. c. Citrate synthase catalyzes the first step in the CAC as shown below. Determination of its actual free energy change is difficult for a number of reasons however most scientist will point to the fact that it is negative. Let's assume AG = -5.0 kJ/mol. The…1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer27. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle comprise two different sets of oxidation reactions. The reaction sequence for glycolysis is linear, whereas the reaction sequence for the citric acid cycle forms a circle. How does this difference in the arrangement of reactions influence the rate of these processes when an excess amount of a single intermediate is added?