1a.If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysisand convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents?Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures).Explain in bioenergetic terms how the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate ingluconeogenesis overcomes the large, negative standard free- energy change of the pyruvate kinasereaction in glycolysis.b.C.The consumption of alcohol (ethanol), especially after periods of strenuous activity or afternot eating for several hours, results in a deficiency of glucose in the blood, a condition known ashypoglycemia. The first step in the metabolism of ethanol by the liver is oxidation to acetaldehyde,catalyzed by liver alcohol dehydrogenase:CH3CH2OH + NAD+ -> CH3CHO + NADH + H+Explain how this reaction inhibits the transformation of lactate to pyruvate. Why does this lead tohypoglycemia?

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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This is the ATP accounting question. You are limited to the carbon in the following molecules: One xylulose 5-phosphate, One glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, One sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, 1 Oxaloacetate, and 3 carbon dioxide A) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules? B) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, Calvin- Benson-Bassham cycle, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules (in this instance only, you also are given 3 ATP and note that you do NOT need to regenerate substrates for rubisco once you get through this enzyme).
Determine the ATP production of glucose catabolism by glycolysis and Krebs Cycle using the following information: 1. Glycolysis: Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+2. Pyruvate --> acetyl CoA: Produces 2 NADH + H+/glucose3. Krebs Cycle --> 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + H+/glucose 2.5 ATP are produced/NADH + H+ delivered electron to the electron transport system1.5 ATP are produced/FADH2 delivered electron to the electron transport system
Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation. In your description, include the terms NADH, FADH2, ATP, mitochondria (or mitochondrial), glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron (or electrons), proton (or protons), and oxygen. Be sure to describe how ATP molecules get produced, and how many ATP molecules are produced per FADH2 and NADH (note; NADH from outside the mitochondria generate a different number of ATP compared to NADH inside the mitochondria; your description should indicate both quantities for full credit.) vas 19llo ton lle vowor 1esb
Calculate the total ATP produced in the catabolism of glucose. Follow the table provided below. If NADH = 3 ATP, If NADH = 2.5 АТР, FADH, 1.5 FADH, = 2 ATP ATP Glycolysis Pyruvate shuttle Krebs cycle ETC TOTAL If NADH = 3 ATP, If NADH = 2.5 %3D FADH2 = 2 ATP ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP Alcohol Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation
What is the difference in ATP yield per glucose molecule between the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerophosphate shuttle? Hint: Consider electron carriers produced in glycolysis per glucose, the number of protons pumped as a result of the electron entry to the ETC, and the number of cytosolic ATP produced. Enter numeric value only.
Draw OUT THE arrow pushing reaction mechanism for the following steps of glycolysis: SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 2 steps. CH,OPO CH,OH hexokinase 2+ H H H H H H ОН + ATP OH H ADP + H+ H ОН + НО HO OH H ОН H ОН Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Glucose
HUW Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. List the ways cells control the flow of molecules through metabolic pathways. Explain the roles of the following molecules in biological energy transfer and storage: ADP, ATP, NADH, FADH2, NADPH. Outline the pathways for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose and compare the energy yields of the two pathways. Write two equations for aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule: one using only words and a second using the chemical formula for glucose. Explain how the electron transport system creates the high-energy bond of ATP. Provide a general description of how proteins are made.
During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and enters the citric acid cycle. Per one (1) glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and TCA cycle, complete the table below ATPS produced Products from glycolysis 1. ATP 2. NADH 3. _Pyruvate Equivalence in ATP ATP ATPS АТР Equivalence in ATP ATPS Products from TCA ATPS produced АТР 4. NADH 5. FADH2 6. GTP ATPS ATP ATPS ATP TOTAL ATP Produced 7. ATP
Choose all of the following true statements. Hint: 6 statements are true. □ If an electron moves from an atom of higher electronegativity to an atom with lower electronegativity, energy is released. O Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen present. Other biomolecules such as lipids, disaccharides, and proteins can enter the biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration just not directly into the first step of glycolysis. Molecules other than glucose can be broken down and used to build up ATP in aerobic respiration. Glycolysis occurs during both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation, producing 2 net ATP. The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the tighter it holds an electron and the lower its potential energy. Water is the final electron acceptor of the ETC in aerobic respiration. Each protein component of the ETC in aerobic respiration is more electronegative than the last.
In glycolysis, the KM value of hexoquinase is 0.04 mM. At physiological conditions, the cellular concentration of glucose is between 4 mM to 15 mM. According with this information, which of the following statements is true (Choose all that are correct) The enzyme has a low affinity for its substrate The enzme is working at its maximum velocity The phosphorilation of glucose is very slow The small value of KM assures that glycolysis will continue even when the concentration of glucose drops below 4 mM. The hexoquinase is saturated with glucose
Give all the reactions that will produce ATP either by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). If the given require a shuttle system, please indicate both MA shuttle and GP shuttle and give the ATP produced. Given: fructose 6-phosphate to 2pyruvate
1. Determine the answers of these multiple choices please its "a, b, c". Do not explain it, only determining the word or the answer. A) At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy of glucose undergoing aerobic respiration is found in the molecules: -Lactic acid -Of ATP's -Pyruvic acid -Of reduced NAD -Of PGAL B) The final product or final products of the light reaction during photosynthesis is or are: -PGA and carbon dioxide -Decomposition of ATP and water -ATP and NADPH2 training -Leribulose diphosphate (RDP) -ATP formation and carbon -Dioxide absorption: drugs C) Choose the substance that is produced during glycolysis and that will be sent to the Krebs cycle: -the pyruvate -lactic acid -the PGAL -The NADH -fructose

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1a. If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysis and convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents? Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures).