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- 2C. A “pulse-chase" experiment using "C-labeled glucose can be carried out on a yeast extract that is maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of "C-labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label is then “chased" through the pathway by the addition of excess unlabeled glucose. The chase effectively prevents any further entry of labeled glucose into the pathway. 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose ---> CH3 2 NAD* 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate H H H-C-OH C=0 CH3 CH3 2 co, 2 Ethanol 2 Acetylaldehyde (1) If [1-"C]glucose (glucose labeled at C-1 with "C) is used as a substrate, will there be any "C in the product (ii) Lactic acid is the final fermentation product in vertebrates, while ethanol is the final fermentation product in yeast. Lactic acid can be converted back into glucose while ethanol can not be. In the space below, use a thermodynamic rationale to…roblem 1An aerobic biochemical process uses a CSTR w/o recycle. The feed characteristics are asfollows: Influent substrate concentration, So = 200 mg/L; half- velocity coefficient, Ks = 50mg/L; maximum, specific substrate utilization rate, k = 5 g/g- day; yield coefficient, Y = 0.5g Xa/g substrate consumed; microorganism decay coefficient, b = 0.10 day-1.1. The process goal is the production of active biomass. Determine the hydraulicretention time that the reactor should be operated in order to maximize the reactoractive biomass concentration (Xa). How does this retention time compare with theminimum solids retention time that the system can theoretically be operated?Calculate the solids retention time safety factor.2. Based on the solids retention time for maximum Xa calculated above, estimate theactive biomass concentration (Xa) and the substrate removal efficiency (E, %)Please answer the following correctly: m) Tannins are produced by many woody plants and have antimicrobial properties that can interfere with fermentation in the production of biofuels. Are tannin extracts effective in inhibiting yeast fermentation?
- Yeast cells has been cultured on glucose (Table 1). The growth data follows the Monod Equation Table 1: Growth data for yeast cells Glucose concentration (mg/L) 7 10 15 40 200 1000 Specific growth rate (h*¹) 0.066 0.088 0.12 0.294 0.330 0.364 0.419 0.451 0.2 0.304 0.340 0.458 Observed yield, Y'x/s (g/g) a) Calculate the maximum specific growth rate (max) and the substrate constant (Ks) b) Estimate the true yield Y'x/s and the maintainance coefficient ms c) Calculate the doubling time at a concentration of 15 mg/L glucose d) Calculate the substrate consumption rate (rs) assuming a substrate concentration of 40 mg/L and a biomass concentration of 100 mg/La. From experimental data obtained in Figure 1, construct a plot and equation that determines the rate constant, kM, of the MOX activity in conditions A and B of growth culture of H. polymorpha on methanol. Justify the selection of plot and findings. b. From the data behaviour presented in Figure 1, describe the enzymatic activity of MOX. What factors may influence the enzymatic activity of MOX at different condition batch cultures of H. polymorpha.Anaerobic production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with yeast growth. The steady-state growth kinetics of yeast follows Monod. It is intended to produce 10 kg/h of ethanol in an ideal CSRT-type fermenter, fed by a solution of 50 g/L of glucose. Size the fermenter for this purpose (calculate its working volume), setting the biomass concentration at the exit of the fermenter at 6.9 g/L.Note: CSTR = Continuous Stirred Tank ReactorData: μmax = 0.1 h-1; Ks = 0.5 g/L; YX/S = 0.15; YP/S = 0.45.(answer: V = 5435 L)
- Anaerobic production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with yeast growth. The steady-state growth kinetics of yeast follows Monod. It is intended to produce 10 kg/h of ethanol in an ideal CSRT-type fermenter, fed by a solution of 50 g/L of glucose. Size the fermenter for this purpose (calculate its working volume), setting the biomass concentration at the exit of the fermenter at 6.9 g/L.During cheese production, LAB convert lactose to lactate and casein (milk protein) to amino acids. Lactate and amino acids then become the substrates for further microbial growth, which results in aroma production and deacidification of the cheese. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grows on the surface of many cheeses; it is capable of both lactate and amino acid catabolism. When grown on a lactate plus amino acid medium, Y. lipolytica preferentially consumes amino acids. Amino acid degradation results in the release of ammonia, which increases the pH. Draw a flow chart that shows the LAB fermentation of milk, followed by the growth of Y. lipolytica. Indicate which substrates are consumed first and what happens to the pH. Based on this simplified scenario, why do you think most cheeses involve the activity of more than one yeast species?For the production of a secondary metabolic by Streptomyces coelicolor, a fed batch was performed. At the end of the single batch phase, the following conditions were reached in the reactor: V=10000L, cell concentration X=10g/L and product concentration P=0.1g/L. The feeding was then started with constant flow F= 200L/h, for 100h. Knowing that the substrate concentration in the feeding medium was SF= 80g/L and in the fermentation medium it was practically null, calculate: a) The final concentration of cells and productb) If the reactor were fed with a constant dilution rate (D), what should be the value of D used to reach the same cell concentration obtained in the situation with constant flow?μp= 0.01 g of product/ (g of cells.h)Y x/s = 0.15g cells/g of substrate
- l l l l M cell structure Cin chemostat is fed with sugar The growth rate follows the process equation VscS+C2C + Vp VPC о where P is the useful product The rate law followed is as determined experimentally rg = kg [C] [S] 1. (S) Orite down the mass balances for S, C, P and I, assuming feed contains ody the substrate of concentration [5]b] Solve them for [S], [C] and [P],Switchgrass is used for ethanol production. The composition of the switchgrass is 37% cellulose, 24% xylan, 3% galactan, 4% arabinan, 20% lignin, 7% extractives, and 5% ash. A dilute acid pretreatment method is applied to the switchgrass before enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pretreatment hydrolyzes 10% hexosan and 90% pentosan into monomeric sugars. Approximately 30% of the hydrolyzed pentoses further react & are decomposed to furfural. Assume that there is no decomposition of the hydrolyzed hexoses. Further Assume that lignin, extractives, and ash do not change during the pretreatment. • How much of each lignocellulosic sugar (glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose) is produced when pretreating 1,000 kg (dry matter) switchgrass? How much furfural is formed? • Is water consumed or produced in these pretreatment hydrolysis and dehydration reactions? How much in each?AaBbCcDd AaBbCcDd AaBbC AaBbCcC AaB AaBbC I Normal 1 No Spac. Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Subtit Paragraph Styles BIO 121 Section Yeast cells use sugars to undergo the chemical reactions of cellular respiration. We will test the ability of yeast cells to sucrose as an energy source for cellular respiration. We will examine if various concentrations of sucrose has an effect on cellular respiration and whether the temperature also plays a role in cellular respiration Answer these questions based on the video posted: Using this data table graph the data from the experiment in the video: Amount of Foam in the Yeast Experiment| Time 20°C/RT 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C O min Ост Ocm Ocm Ост Ост 10 min 1.5cm 4cm 11cm бст Зст 20 min 2.5cm 9.5cm 17cm 11cm 9cm 30 min 4.5cm 13cm 18cm 10cm 11cm Using the data presented in the video for the yeast experiment draw a line graph. There are time points shown 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Plot a line graph of foam level(s) for each temperature versus time (Time is on…
