1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO CH OH + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH + 2 Pj 2 + 2 ATP HO OH + 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H₂O Glucose Pyruvate
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- What if the phosphate group for the glycolysis reaction with enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was from ATP instead of Pi? What would the complete, balanced, net rxn of glycoslysisequation be and how does this impact the overall glycolysis rxn?If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with oxygen-18 at the carboxylate oxygen atom shown, where would the label be found in glucose? Explain both in words and illustration. If any of the positions be partially labeled, indicate that clearly and explain.Mention two biological advantages to an organism that stores its carbohydrate reserves as starch or glycogen rather than as an equivalent amount of free glucose. What role does the protein, glycogenin play in glycogen synthesis? Name the reactants and products of the first two steps of the gluconeogenesis pathway if pyruvate is used as the starting material (structures not needed). Explain why people with a deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) suffer from hemolytic anemia What is meant by reciprocal regulation? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes?
- Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis, yielding a netsynthesis of 2 ATP. In certain cells pyruvate can be reconverted to glucose during gluconeogenesis. How many ATPsare required to convert pyruvate back to glucose?If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the carbonyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain, including schemes of the reactions to support your answer. 13 H3C coo®The following link carbohydrate metabolism with lipid biosynthesis: (a) How many molecules of glucose are required to provide the carbon for synthesis of one molecule of palmitate? (b) How many molecules of glucose are required if all of the glucose first proceeds through the pentose phosphate pathway before proceeding through the rest of glycolysis on its way to pyruvate?
- In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate themechanisms whereby these reactions occurWrite the chemical equation for the conversion of 4 moles of glucose to pyruvate via glycolytic pathwayThe ΔG°’ for the aldolase reaction of glycolysis in muscle is +22.8 kJ/mol. Why does the aldolase reaction proceed in the direction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate during glycolysis?
- The glycerol derived from lipolysis of triacylglycerols is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which then enters into step 6 of the glycolysis pathway. What further transformations are necessary to convert glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into pyruvate?Conversion of pyruvate to PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) requires the action of a. A. B. C. D. E.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase b. two cytosolic enzymes C .Hexokinase/glucokinase d. a mitochondrial enzyme and a cytosolic enzyme e. Two mitochondrial enzymesThe oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase, proceeds with an unfavorable equilibrium constant ( K'eq= 0.08; ΔG′° = 6.3 kJ/mol), yet the flow through this point in the glycolytic pathway proceeds smoothly. How does the cell overcome the unfavorable equilibrium?