1. What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transaminase determination? 2. What is the clinical significance of elevated AST?
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1. What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transaminase determination?
2. What is the clinical significance of elevated AST?
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- 1. What is the major tissue source of Alanine Aminotransferase? 2. What is the clinical significance of elevated serum Alanine aminotransferase?8. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood serum. What transaminase activity is inereased to a greater extent, and why? For the answer: a) explain the meaning of the enzyme diagnostics; b) draw the scheme of reactions catalyzed by ALT and AST; c) point out coenzyme of these reactions; describe vitamin from which this cocnzyme is derived; d) describe the biological importance of this type of reactions in amino acid metabolism; e) specify the demands which are claimed to enzymes been used in enzyme diagnostics.1. What are the primary tissue sources of amylase? 2. What is the clinical significance of increase serum amylase activity? 3. What are the assay methodologies? Describe each.
- What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transaminase determination? What is the clinical significance of elevated AST? ANSWER IN 3-5 SENTENCES25) Write down the two gluconeogenic reactions that allow the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase to be bypassed (5. There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? FGP A) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1. Gen inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. reaction is exergonic. ATP F16BP BOLALA The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D) The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.
- In the liver, the relative activity of ornithine transcarbamylase is high, that of argininosuccinate synthetase is low, and that of arginase is high. Why is it important that ornithine transcarbamylase activity be high in the liver? What might be the consequence if arginase activity is low or defective?1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |7. To improve the digestion of food proteins in chronic inflammatory-dystrophic disorders of the pancreatic gland, stomach or intestine patients are prescribed mezym forte (pancreatin) containing pancreatic enzymes. What is the remedial mechanism of this drug? For the answer: a) enumerate enzymes digesting proteins in the gastrointestinal tract; b) specify the mechanism of proteolytic enzyme activation; c) draw the schemes of these enzymes activation, point out the activators; d) explain the specificity of proteases; e) describe the consequences of these enzymes activation in the tissue of pancreas.
- What is/are the possible genotype(s) of an individual who is lactose intolerant?6. A. List all of the ionizable functional groups that are found in insulin when in aqueous solution. List which amino acid residues have these ionizable groups and list all of the pka and pKb values (including the R groups) that are on both polypeptide chains that make up insulin. (see the table at the end of this HW set; note that tyrosine and cysteine both have unusual pka's, since these side groups ionize above the pKR's given to have a negative charge). B. The isoelectric point of insulin is reported to be around 5.3-5.35. Using the method covered in class, estimate the isoelectric point of insulin and compare your answer to the values above. C. For a polypeptide to be soluble in an aqueous solution, is it good to be near the isoelectric point? Why or why not? Notes: a couple of unusual R group's that ionize (cysteine and tyrosine have R groups that have pka values; histidine has a pkb). The table at the end of this homework set (also in the lecture notes) lists the pka's and…10. Answer ALL parts of this question. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, also known as cyclooxygenase- 2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. (a) Explain how this enzyme facilitates prostaglandin biosynthesis by highlighting two key functions. (b) Describe one role for the COX-1 enzyme. (c) Name one condition that the selective COX-2 inhibitors Vioxx (Rofecoxib) and Celebrex (Celecoxib) were used to treat. (d) Name and draw the chemical structures of 4 other small molecule OCOX-2 inhibitors and identify 3 similarities/common features with respect to Rofecoxib and Celecoxib. (e) Name a therapeutic reason for targeting COX-3. Describe the function and therapeutic utility of non-steroidal anti- (f) inflammatory drugs.