1. Perform the following tasks for each reaction. i. Identify the functional group (FG) in the starting material with the most accurate name: alcohol, aldehyde, epoxide, ester, ether, or halohydrin. Label the reagent over the arrow as a good nucleophile; a strong base; and/or a strong acid. (A reagent can have more than one label.) Draw the major organic product. (Hint: Remember to keep track of stereochemistry over the course of the reaction if given. It may be helpful to redraw the starting material in the conformation needed to close epoxide ring.) ii. Reagent ii. III. a. b. C. d. i. Starting Material OH FG= FG = FG= FG = FG= f OH NaOH Excess HBr 1. Li(CH₂)3CH3 2. H30* (Acidic workup for neutralizing charge) NaH HBr iii. Product
Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
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