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- How do pseudogenes differ from genes? a. They are not transcribed. b. They contain longer open reading frames (ORFs). c. They do not have introns. d. They use a different genetic code. e. Their protein-coding sequence contains more than one startcodon.The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. The plant on the left is wild-type (unmutated); the other carries a mutation that causes its flowers to have sepals and petals instead of stamens and carpels. The mutation inactivated one of the plant's ABC floral identity genes. Refer to Figure 10.8 and decide which gene (A, B, or C) has been inactivated.The expression of a gene may depend on _______. a. the type of organism b. environmental conditions c. the type of cell d. all of the above
- 2. Given the mRNA for a protein: 5'-CCGAACGAUGGGCUAUCCCUAACCGUUU -- 3' Write the amino acid sequence a. For the protein synthesized from this mRNA. b. When U substitutes for C. substituted by U 5-CCGAACGAUGGGCUAUCCCUAACCGUUU-- 3 c. When C is deleted. deleted 5-CCGAACGAUGGGCUAUCCCUAACCGUUU --- 3' d. What type of mutation is illustrated in c?6. Similar to the class notes (Intro to Genetics), a segment of DNA (shown below) contains a promoter segment (the first 9 base pairs), a ribosome binding segment (the next 6 base pairs), and a segment that codes for protein synthesis which is started by the rest of the base pairs. ACTCCATTGAACCATTTCTATGATCCGCTAACG-... TGAGGTAACTTGGTAAAGATACTAGGCGATTGC-... A. When the DNA is induced to be copied to mRNA, the top strand is coding, meaning that the mRNA makes an identical copy of the lower strand (replacing T with U) The mRNA copy starts with the ribosome binding sequence. What is the sequence of the mRNA that will go to the ribosomes? B. What are the first 6 amino acids of the protein that are coded for by the mRNA? C. What would the amino acid sequence be if... i. a transition mutation occurred on the final G in the mRNA? ii. all of the G & C bases in the protein synthesis portion had transition mutations? iii. a point deletion mutation occurred in the ATA sequence (in the lower strand…18) which of the following statements is correct? A proteins make MRNA which then makes genes B genes make proteins which then make mRNA C genes make mRNA which then make proteins d- MRNA is make proteins which then make genes E- MRNAs make genes which then make proteins
- 6. A portion of a gene is shown below. 5'-ATGATTCGCCTCGGGGCTCCCCAGTCGCTGGTGCTGCTGACGCTGCTCGTCG-3' 3'-TACTAAGCGGAGCCCCGAGGGGTCAGCGACCACGACGACTGCGACGAGCAGC-5' The sequence of the mRNA transcribed from this gene has the following sequence: 5'-AUGAUUCGCCUCGGGGCUCCCCAGUCGCUGGUGCUGCUGACGCUGCUCGUCG-3′ a. Identify the coding and noncoding strands of the DNA. b. Explain why only the coding strands of DNA are commonly published in databanks.4. Which or which (can select more than one alternative) of the control methods of genetic expression in eukaryotes NOT USED in prokaryotic cells?to. control how often a gene is expressedb. control how an mRNA is processedc. control which mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytosold. control which mRNA is translated to proteins in the ribosomeand. control how quickly proteins are destroyed once synthesized 5. Unlike DNA that usually forms a helical structure, different RNA molecules assume bends in a wide variety of 3D shapes. This is due to :to. RNA contains uracil and ribose as sugarb. the bases in the RNA cannot form hydrogen bonds with each otherc. nucleotides in RNA have a different chemical structure than they have in DNAd. Although RNA is single-stranded, complementary bases can pair with each other. 6. Viruses consist of a layer of protein that surrounds your genetic material. the genetic material in the HIV virus is:to. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)b. Single-stranded DNA…1. A monogenic disease is a disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. For instance, sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for the B- globin chain of hemoglobin. The beginning of HBB is shown here: 5'-ATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACT...-3' A. Translate this HBB sequence into an amino acid sequence. B. In terms of amino acids, what is the result of the sickle cell mutation, wherein the bolded red A is changed to a T? This single mutation causes hemoglobin to aggregate, causing red blood cells to deform into a sickle-like shape rather than the normal “biconcave disk" shape. C. What would happen if the bolded blue A were mutated to at T? (This is hypothetical; it's not a mutation found in sickle-cell disease.)
- 1. An alternative form of a gene is called an1. What would be the amino acid sequence encoded by the mRNA5' C C A U G A C G U C G G A U C A A U G A G C 3' 2. If the nucleotide bolded and underlined in red in part 1 changes from C to a G, what type of mutation would that be? 3. What would happen to the amino acid sequence if the C bolded in red in part 1 is changed to a G? 4. What would happen to the amino acid sequence if the C bolded in red is deleted?4. Which MRNA sequence complements the DNA sequence below? (LS1-1) G A A IG A IG U G UB G A U U IG Sequence A Sequence B Sequence C Sequence D ्र
