1. If scale economies are substantial over a large range of output irms arise in the industry, we call such a market structure: a)differentiated b) monopolistic competition =) monopoly d) oligopoly
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- Macmillan Learning Increasing Returns to Scale and Monopolistic Competition Starting from the long-run trade equilibrium in the monopolistic competition model, as illustrated in the accompanying figure, consider what happens when industry demand D increases. For instance, suppose that this is the market for cars, and lower gasoline prices generate higher demand D. a. Show the resulting shift in the D/NT, d, and mr curves. Assume the price increases to $13. Place point A on the new short-run equilibrium. Price 09876 20 19 18 17 16 15 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 mr D/NT d A • AC MC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 QuantityBriefly state the basic characteristics of pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under which of these market classififications does each of the following most accurately fifit? (a ) a supermarket in your hometown; (b) the steel industry; (c) a Kansas wheat farm; (d) the commercial bank in which you or your family has an account; (e) the automobile industry. In each case justify your classification.3) Assuming that firms compete a la Cournot, that all firms have the same marginal cost, and that demand is linear, when is price most sensitive to changes in marginal cost: in a market with very few firms or in a market with many firms? Show this formally. [Hint: assume demand p = a - bQ] Bertrand duopoly with b) differentiated products. Demand curves are Consider a given by |p! = 600 – 2q! " p" = 600 – q! - 2q" Suppose that the cost functions are given by (q#) = 60q# , for i = 1, 2. Find the equilibrium outputs, the prices and the profits.
- Firms like Papa John’s, Domino’s, and Pizza Hut sell pizza and other products that aredifferentiated in nature. While numerous pizza chains exist in most locations, thedifferentiated nature of these firms’ products permits them to charge prices abovemarginal cost. Given these observations, is the pizza industry most likely a monopoly,perfectly competitive, monopolistically competitive, or an oligopoly industry? Use thecausal view of structure, conduct, and performance to explain the role of differentiationin the market for pizza. Then apply the feedback critique to the role of differentiation inthe industry.Give some examples of fixed costs and variable costs. Why do average fixed costs decline across a range of increasing production? Do average variable cost decline, increase, or do both as production increases? Explain. Tell me about perfect competition. Why is it that perfect competition is more of a theoretical market structure than a practical one? In addition, please explain the most important characteristic in perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopolies and relate the characteristic to how these firms can make profits in the short run. In your analysis, make sure to relate an example for each of the market structures listed and how it relates to the particular characteristics.Q4 "A monopolistically competitive market in which there are no entry barriers will have the identical long-run equilibrium as if the market were perfectly competitive." Is this statement correct? a. Yes, in the absence of entry barriers, firms in the monopolistically competitive market will expand until they are producing at the minimum of their LRAC curves, just as in perfect competition. b. No, because firms in the monopolistically competitive market do not produce at an output level where MC = MR, as in perfect competition, which leads to a different price and output in long-run equilibrium. c. Yes, in the absence of entry barriers, new firms enter the industry until industry price and output are identical to perfect competition. d. No, firms in the monopolistically competitive market earn economic profits in the long run because they are facing a downward-sloping demand curve, whereas in perfect competition they earn zero profits. e. No, because firms in the…
- Chapter 10 1. Briefly state the basic characteristics of pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under which of these market classifications does each of the following most accurately fit? (a) a supermarket in your hometown; (b) the steel industry; (c) a Kansas wheat farm; (d) the commercial bank in which you or your family has an account; (e) the automobile industry. In each case, justify your classification. 2. Consider a firm that has no fixed costs and that is currently losing money. Are there any situations in which it would want to stay open for business in the short run? 3. Why is the equality of marginal revenue and marginal cost essential for profit maximization in all market structures? Explain why price can be substituted for marginal revenue in the MR = MC rule when an industry is purely competitive. Chapter 11 1. Explain how the long run differs from the short run in pure competition. 2. The basic model of pure competition…Question 1a. With the aid of a diagram explain how a monopolist determines how muchoutput to produce and what price to charge. [4 marks]b. Explain how the perfectly competitive firm decides whether to operate or shutdown in the short run. [4 marks]c. Explain why firms operating in monopolistically competitive markets probablywill not earn an economic profit in the long run. [4 marks]d. Why does interdependence of firms play a major role in oligopoly but not inperfect competition or monopolistic competition? [4 marks]Explain the role of brands in a monopolistic competition market. How can the pricing and profits for a firm in this market structure differ from perfect competition and when will the two market types reach the same outcome? Why does that make it essential for firms to have a strong brand identity? Give an example of a product with this type of market structure and discuss (briefly) how the firms have established their brands.
- For each of the following, is the industry perfectly competitive? If not, is it a monopoly, oligopoly, or monopolistically competitive firm? Explain your answers, referring to market share, standardization of the product, and/or free entry and exit. The market for carrots in the U.S. The market for cars in the U.S. Restaurants in PhiladelphiaIn an industry comprised of three companies, which are small-scale manufacturers or an easily replicable product unprotected by brand recognition or patents, the most representative model of company behavior is: O oligoply. O perfect competition. monopolistic competition.QUESTION 1 Press F11 to exit full screen Which firm would earn profit in the long-run? O a monopolist firm. O a monopolistically competitive firm. O an oligopoly firm. O a perfectly competitive firm. QUESTION 2 Refer to the graph below for a monopolistically competitive firm. ↑Price MC 160 140 ATC 123.33 Demand 90 56.67 MR 100 133.33 154.92 Quantity If the above firm chose to produce at 100 units then the firm will be O earning a profit O incurring a loss O there is no profit and no loss O the firm can earn, profit, loss or break even