Essay about case study 1

Development of an intervention is the final step in the functional behavior assessment (FBA) process. In the completion of the FBA antecedent and reinforcing contingencies are identified which can be manipulated to prevent the behavior from occurring, remove reinforcement for engaging in the undesired behavior, or be utilized to reinforce alternate behaviors (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). An FBA is a necessary component of the intervention process in that it provides the necessary information with regard to the function of the behavior through the systematic manipulation of environmental variables thought to maintain the problem under controlled conditions; yielding a clear demonstration of the interaction between the independent variable

In this case the goal is to assess the effects of a treatment based on an increase or decrease in a specified targeted behavior (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). This design uses repeated intervention phases after a single baseline is collected. The ABA design value is enhanced when the ABA phases

After observation and multiple time samples I identified spitting to be an extremely frequent behavior in my student. It seemed as though the spitting had no definite trigger and seems to be constant although it seems to happen more during down time or times of boredom. For this particular behavior I have decided to write a behavior intervention plan based on the concept of response cost (RC) paired with differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). The reason I have chosen to pair the two interventions together is that I feel response cost on its own, although effective, does not teach the child to replace their target behavior with a new, appropriate behavior; when trying to get rid of one behavior, it is important to replace it with

Punishment-Based interventions are types of treatment that is sometime used in the field of Applied Behavior Analysis to modify or change behaviors. There is a quite a bit of controversy and misunderstanding related to use of punishment. Punishment-based interventions have been proven to be one of the most controversial treatments used by behavior analyst and found in behavior analyst literature (e.g. Johnston, 1991; Matson & Kazdin, 1981; Repp & Singh, 1990) (DiGennaro Reed, & Lovett, 2008). The definition itself is many times confused or lack understanding. Cooper, Heron, and Heward (2006) explain that punishment frequently misunderstood, misapplied and quite controversial. There are some therapists or behavior analysts, parents, caregivers, teachers, and people in general who support punishment and some who do not (Hall, 2013). Although there is a lot of controversy about whether to use punishment or not, punishment is indeed still sometimes used in the field of applied behavior analysis, but there are special guidelines for using punishment based procedures in the field. Before a behavior analyst can decide whether or not they want to use punishment in an intervention, they must clearly understand the definition

That is, it can be used to measure multiple behaviors of one client, while staggering treatment across behaviors; one behavior of multiple clients through staggering treatment across clients; or one behavior of one client, by staggering treatment across settings (Miltenberger, 2012). In each case the same treatment must be used for each behavior and the behaviors must have the same function, yet be functionally independent of each other (Fisher, et al., 2011). To meet standards, the design must include a minimum of six phases with five data points per phase (Kratochwill, et al., 2012). While fewer than five data points may still qualify as meeting standards with reservations, no less than three will be accepted as demonstrating effect or lack there-of (Kratochwill, et al.,

This experimental study will have two groups of participants. Participants will need to be professionally diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and have had persistent symptoms for a period of at least 6 months before the study takes place. Also, participants must be between the ages of 6 and 15 at the time that the study takes place. There will be a total of 100 participants. Since, there was no found standard treatment method used to treat patients with ODD, only a waitlist group and DBT group will be used. Of these 100, 50 will be placed into a DBT group while the remaining 50 will be placed on a waitlist to serve as a control group. After all of the DBT groups have been completed, those on the waitlist will receive DBT.

The behavior analyst used alternating treatment design with an initial baseline and final best treatment. The first phase consisted of taking baseline and collecting data about level of responding before introduction of treatment for five sessions .baseline showed high level of inappropriate behavior ( getting out of the seat) before introduction of treatment . In second phase two different condition presented , treatment condition alternated randomly each session ,interventions were token economy and positive reinforcement.

Determining a function of a behavior lends strength to an assertion for NCE being used as a treatment strategy inasmuch as previous research has shown functionally based interventions have increased effectiveness. Moreover, conducting treatments before an assessment determines a function of a behavior might lead to ineffective treatment and might result in a need for interventions which are more aversive to an individual such as punishment. Nonaversive treatments are preferred not only by an individual undergoing treatment, but also parents, teachers, and practitioners.

Winkers, Ponds, Pouwels, Eilander, and Heugten (2014) used a form of behavior modification, known as the ABC method, to target verbal aggression in a woman who has an acquired brain injury.  According to Winkens et al. (2014) previous literature, this method focused on daily problem behaviors and showed positive results.  The ABC method is an acronym, which stands for Antecedent behavior, target Behaviors and the Consequential event which follows.  This form of behavior modification helps the professional using it, by helping them gain a better understanding of their own behaviors and the behaviors of the patient they are working with. The ABC method is used to take a look at the environment the patient was in at the time of the problem behavior.  Once the ABC data has been collected, it can be used to alter the future antecedent events that frequent the target behavior.  With the use of the ABC method, Winken et al. (2014), hypothesized that the “frequency and severity of the aggressive behavior would decrease.”

Reversal design involves repeated measures of behavior in a given setting requiring at least three consecutive phases: initial baseline, intervention, and return to baseline (Cooper, 2007). As with any intervention, baseline data is a typical primary condition for beginning the process. With reversal design data is collected, until steady state responding is achieved and then intervention is begun. The condition is applied in the form of treatment and then reversal of the treatment is performed. This procedure is described as A-B-A or baseline, treatment, baseline. The operation and logic of the reversal design involves the prediction, verification, and replication of the treatment reducing the target behavior. The reversal of the

In an A-B-A-B reversal design, a DRI and a DRA procedure are used during the baseline procedure. Consequently, the behavior is low, and it is going to be removed by reinforcing the problem behavior that is going to be reduced. More specifically, for DRI, it is reinforcement following behavior that’s incompatible with target behavior; and for DRA, it is reinforcement following an alternative behavior. Then, when you have control over the behavior, you switch back to DRI/ DRA, such as A-B-A-B-A-B, to establish that your DRI/ DRA reversal technique is effective.

I presumed that data could be collected for few sessions with the participant and I had fewer days to do so. A second limitation of this study is with the intervention. With differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, the reinforcement procedure takes time to produce results, especially if the alternative response is not established in the participant’s repertoire. A third disadvantage has to do with A-B-A-B design. This design is known for interjecting progress and thus delaying success of the objective. If I were to replicate this study in the future, I would probably collect more baseline data before implementing the intervention. I would probably use a stranger instead of a relative and perhaps select another design such as multiple

The Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology has released a study in which researchers observed the impact of behavioral therapy on children with A.D.H.D. In this case, scientists used an experimental approach which is the only research method that can accurately establish cause and effect relationships. (Okami, 2014, p. 40). The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of behavior therapy and if it can be substituted, or partially take the place of medication in the treatment of A.D.H.D. (Carey, 2016).

Parvaderm Corporation is a manufacturer of women’s personal-care products. The company’s line of products includes facial creams, hand and body lotions, and a full line of women toiletries sold under different brand names. Products are sold by drug and food-and-drugstores through rack jobbers. Rack jobbers are actually wholesales that set up and merchandise retail displays.

The key HR issue of this case is not having the policy written or clear. It is important make clear to everyone what the policies are and that they are applied consistently and fairly across the organization. Bruce was not clear on the proper rules of not being able to sell the company product outside. He thought what he was doing wasn’t any different than selling to family and friends, which the other co-worker were doing. HR needs to clearly state to all employees that company products are not for resale, but for employee use only.