#Introduction
In modern society, people produce a significant amount of waste, such as agricultural, nuclear, solid, or electronic waste. While some waste goes to the landfill in the United States, some are exported to developed and developing countries. These exports include hazardous waste and harmless waste, in which some of the countries specialize in recycling them, but even so, there has been controversies about improper disposal of wastes in other countries. Exportation laws in regards to waste export can be complex. In this paper, exportation regulations are explored in regards to waste will be explored, specifically some those that are directly related to the United States, and ethicality of such practices will be evaluated.
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Aside from the regulations set in place by the EPA, The United States is a part of five notable international agreements: Decision of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Basel Convention, Agreement between Costa Rica, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and bilateral agreements with Mexico and Canada (International Waste Agreements-EPA). These agreements were a way to regulate international trade in a way that would appease all parties. The OECD consists of thirty democratic governments that focuses on the economic and environmental issues of globalization (OECD 2). The organization provided precautionary steps in order to ensure that wastes are handled in a way that will protect the environment from any effects and will protect the wellbeing of the people, whether the waste is being exported or being recycled (8). With this in mind, the OECD put into place some Core Performance Elements (CPEs) that are part of the recommendations by the OECD Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) Council (BIR 33). There were six CPEs identified and were deemed as common requirements in order to ensure that waste is handled in a way that is environmentally sound. Some of these CPEs include putting in place an Environmental Management System (EMS) in the facility, taking measures to safeguard the health and safety of the workers and the
Roberts, J. (2011). A Brief History of Waste Regulation in the United States and Oklahoma. Retrieved from http://www.deq.state.ok.us/lpdnew/wastehistory/wastehistory.htm
Identified wastes in the current processes using the seven wastes as a guide to what should be looked for. The question was asked, “Why did this waste occur?” and, “What can be done to prevent it?”.
Compliance with customs rules and regulations must be followed in order to properly import and export goods. In regards to import regulations the importer of record files the customs entry using the US Customs 7501 form. The importer of record can also file the US Customs release with 3461 form. It is up to the importer to arrange the exam and release of goods. The following documentation is required with entry: bill of lading, commercial invoice and packing list. Another requirement for imports is to have a Customs bond filed to cover the value of the cargo. For export, it is required to submit the shipper's export declaration (SED) through the automated export system (AES). Prior to filing the AES, a booking will be made with the steamship
................................ 11 Management of environmental and social performance ......................................... 12 Guidance available .................................................................................................... 12 Appropriate strategies for management of environmental performance ............... 13 Life Cycle Assessment ............................................................................................... 14
The people around the world have been a realization that waste management systems are important to put in place in industrializes countries to reduce releases of cadmium into the environment.
parties considered fairly in the policy? Why or why not? How could the policy be improved?
Article Summary: This article talks about how the hazardous waste regulations are meant to apply to, not only for industrial and manufacturing industries but for any non-household facility generating and managing hazardous waste. It talks about how many people tend to overthink schools and retail stores as places that produce hazardous waste. The article address that some household cleaners, automotive products, and batteries are considered hazardous waste and have to be disposed of properly and mentions that the EPA has began to focus their attentions on the retail sector. The author mentions that they have now come up with a cohesive strategy to ensure that retail stores comply with hazardous waste regulations. It builds upon regulatory efforts
Hazardous waste and its proper disposal have become a major sociological problem today due to its capability of contaminating the area in which we live and its potential to be lethal to all living things. In order for the United States and the rest of the world to save itself from a potentially life threatening problem they must fix the causes which lead to the improper disposal of hazardous wastes and like materials. Some reasons that hazardous waste has become a problem in the United States today is due to the breakdown in enforcing laws for the proper disposal of such wastes, a lack of initiative on big companies behalf to spend money on proper disposal, and the ease of disposing of such wastes illegally.
Historically, the United States has established free trade agreements with each of the countries in the agreement. These agreements, as well as CAFTA, are currently active. The US government policy had originally granted these countries relative open access to US markets, as well as protection of their own markets with the use of tariffs and other trade barriers. These were implemented specifically to restrict US access to their markets. Then, CAFTA changed the trend by eliminating tariffs, opening markets, reducing barriers to goods and services, and promoting transparency through regulatory practices, while supporting environmental protections (7). Moreover, it promotes investment between these
Waste Management, Inc., incorporated in 1968, had become a leader in the industry of waste management services ranging from industrial operations to curbside collection. This company had become synonymous with many different kinds of disposal services that allowed for the company to grow and grow with a solid base over the course of twenty-eight years. Finally in 1996, the company reported total assets of almost $20 billion with net income close to $200 million. However, even with this growth and solid base, the company was feeling competitive pressures and net income was on the decline.
Hazardous waste and its proper disposal have become a major sociological problem today due to its capability of contaminating the area in which we live and its potential to be lethal to all living things. In order for the United States and the rest of the world to save itself from a potentially life threatening problem they must fix the causes which lead to the improper disposal of hazardous wastes and like materials. Some reasons that hazardous waste has become a problem in the United States today is due to the breakdown in enforcing laws for the proper disposal of such wastes, a lack of initiative on big companies behalf to spend money on proper disposal, and the ease of disposing of such wastes illegally.
However, there are several waste management methods, defined in this section. Each country has different policies, legislation, and thoughts about solid waste. This paper aims to compare different approaches of solid waste management and discuss their effectiveness. For this reason, it will be discussed the role for effective solid waste management of: legislation and government policies, and engagement of actors involved.
The production and circulation of electronic waste is a highly politicized and complex issue which highlights the conflicts and tensions between jobs and the environment. There are debates surrounding governance decisions and global economic linkages which approach the disposal of e-waste from two different stand points. One view is that the first world is making an unethical political decision to send its e-waste problem to pollution havens i.e. third-world countries with less stringent environmental standards. Electronic goods consist of highly toxic substances such as lead, chromium, mercury, and brominated-flame retardants, therefore when they are disposed of in an uncontrolled and risky low-cost manner such as in informal sectors they can cause major issues to both human and environmental health (Pickren, 2013). The root of this cause is linked to the asymmetrical relationships of power and the unsustainability of the current social, economic, cultural, and political movement. The decision to send e-waste ‘out of sight and out of mind’ is highly politicized and based around issues of power and control. However, another view is that north-south flows can be beneficial to informal e-waste economies and has been observed to be creating new economic settlements in third world countries in which livelihoods depend on re-using and re-pairing e-waste and selling them within the community.
The Generation of hazardous waste by the human activities increase the risk of the damage to the environment and the human health. These create a very negative impact if not disposed properly. In the state of Illinois the implementation of the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is referred to as hazardous waste. This act consists of the changes to the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1956 and signed into the law of 1976. The regulations related to the implementation of
Due to rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth rate of population, solid waste management has become acute in India. The current practices of the uncontrolled dumping of waste on the outskirts of towns/cities have created a serious environmental and public health problem. Plastic waste which is biggest problem in waste management is recycled in India in an “unorganized” way. 60% of the plastic-waste collected and segregated gets recycled back into materials for further processing into consumer products, while the balance is left unutilized. The focus of the conference is to evaluate the present