Unknown Blood Cells Lab Report

a. Antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents because they bind to antigens to counteract them. The more antigens you have, the more antibodies you have, the more the of the virus/bacteria that there is in you.

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

I currently volunteer at the McMaster blood clinic and I once encountered a situation where I had to think on my feet. It was my first day and my supervisor was showing me around the clinic. After a while, he left to hand out brochures to promote the clinic and left me in charge. We ask donors to wait for 10-15 min after donating blood so they can grabs snacks and drinks before they leave. As one of the donors was walking towards the waiting area, he suddenly collapsed and went unconscious. I tried to prevent the fall by grabbing his arm. This situation required me to recall emergency protocols and immediately apply them to ensure safety of the donor. My first approach was to yell 'ICE' in order to alert the nurses about the collapsed donor.

There are multiple precautions that can be taken to help prevent the spread of the infection and eventually kill it altogether. To keep the bacteria spreading the workers must be careful to keep anything that may move from an infected pond to a healthy pond clean.

There are many kinds of tests to test sickle cell anemia and one of them is hemoglobin S solubility that screens Hb S from a blood sample combined with reducing agent. The reducing agent will lower the amount of the oxygen in the RBCs causing it to change to sickle shape. As a result, Hb S will be released from the cells that carry the abnormal gene. This test has two results, the positive result, and the negative result. The positive result indicates the presence of Hb S, and the patient has either sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait, while the negative result indicates the absence of Hb S.

What Mr B has described as feeling very thirsty is polydipsia and the frequent urination is polyuria.

On November 7, 2014 Mr. Purgert was informed to return to the emergency room for an evaluation for abnormal blood culture results. Dr. Janathan A. Goroza was the doctor on call that day. He reported that Mr. Purgert was in the ER a few days earlier, and at this time he was complaining of tightness in his chest when he coughs. In addition he also reported having a 101 fever the day before this visit, however, now it is down to 99. Dr. Goroza ran tests on Mr. Purgerts blood and released him from the hospital.

The patient is usually awake during angioplasty, and chest discomfort may be experienced during the procedure. The patient remains awake in order to monitor the patient symptoms. If symptoms indicate the procedure is causing ischemia the cardiologist may alter or abort the part of the procedure. Bleeding from the insertion point in the groin (femoral artery) and wrist (radial artery) is common, in part due to the use of antiplatelet drugs. Some bruising is therefore to be expected. But occasionally a hematoma may form. This may delay hospital discharge as flow from the artery into the hematoma may continue which requires surgical repair. Infection at the skin puncture site is rare and dissection of the access blood vessel is

5.1 Antigens provide the body with immunity. The immune system then creates its own way of defending the body against unknown antigens. This kind of defense is known as the immune response and mostly based from the production of specific protein molecules which are named antibodies, which eliminate unknown substances. The immune response which is more effective are created by responding to an organism which is alive. Once the antigen has been put into the body it will provide the body with immunity for a long time if not forever. (The Immunisation Advisory Centre [TIAC], 2016, para. 5)

Leukemia is caused by mutations in the bone marrow cells. The cell does not develop properly into a normal mature white blood cell, and becomes cancerous. Abnormal white blood cell is unable to perform its functions. At the same time abnormal cells begin actively proliferate. As a result, the number of cancer cells increases, and they begin to displace healthy cells. This leads to anemia, bleeding, and infection.

This starts with antigen recognition, then B cells and T cells, and finally the antibodies. Antibodies are bound to an antigen to identify a foreign substance in the body, in this study the elevated levels of C3 convertase shows the complement activation system. The first step in the pathway is the inflammatory response followed by the granulated tissue formation and then formation of the fibrous capsule.

A blood test is a lab examination performed on a sample of blood that is typically extracted from a vein in the arm utilizing a needle, or by means of finger prick. Various tests for particular blood segments, (for example, a glucose test or a cholesterol test) are frequently assembled together into one test board called a blood board or blood work. Blood tests are frequently utilized as a part of social insurance to decide physiological and biochemical states, for example, malady, mineral substance, pharmaceutical medication viability, and organ work. Commonplace clinical blood boards incorporate an essential metabolic board or an entire blood

With the Heart and Kidneys harmonized and Liver and Lungs pushing energy in tandem throughout the body, there is health all over. The Spleen is the remaining organ, which is said to reside in the center of the body and organ network, like the digestion lies in the middle of the body. The Spleen in the middle, gives nourishment to all other organs through proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, if the Spleen has an issue and the food and fluids are not being metabolized properly, it can negatively affect many other organ systems. For example if food and fluids are not being digested properly, it is likely to lead to some type of swelling and weight gain. This is going to add extra pressure on the kidneys to filter the water and the liver to smoothly move the energy. As the Kidneys become drained, they cannot give as much nourishment or support to the Liver, which becomes more dry and stagnated. The heart, begins to Flare out of control as the healthy kidney water is not able to restrain it like it can when everything is functioning smoothly. This may lead to restlessness and insomnia. This also makes it more difficult for the lungs to disseminate energy and air throughout the body as they have to work harder to accommodate a clogged up spleen. All the organs work in

Thus, primary and secondary antibodies are used to recognize the antigen of interest (CRP). The secondary antibody is used to recognize the constant regions of the primary antibody. In this case, the primary antibody is the antigen. Thus, an immunoblotting analysis is done. An immunoblotting analyses allows the antibody to bind to immobilized antigen in vitro. Additionally, immunoblotting uses nitrocellulose paper for the proteins to bind to as the proteins natural stick to the nitrocellulose paper. The nitrocellulose membrane is the block in the solution containing milk protein (blotto). This blotto binds to the nitrocellulose and prevents non-specific binding of antibodies. Consequently, the primary antibody (antiserum or anti-CRP) is incubated with blotto at room temperature. After incubation, unbound antibody is washed away fore adding the secondary antibody. The secondary antibody usually alkaline phosphatase is added in with blotto and incubated at room temperature. Once again unbound antibody is washed away before adding the substrate. The substrate is then added and the signal is allowed to develop as the substrate changes in color from yellow to purple. Therefore, the primary antibody must be present for the secondary antibody to bind to. The change in color from yellow to purple only forms when the entire complex is present as the substrate precipitates. As a result, the