The Influence Of Antibodies On The Body

Our bodies were specifically designed to fight off diseases organically through the use of our immune system. When an antigen enters our bodies, our immune system immediately acknowledges its presence and produces antibodies to fight off the foreign organism. The antibodies will search for the disease organism and will dismantle it when found. The next time the body comes in contact with

The immune system is made up of trillions of specialised cells (white blood cells) that detect and destroy pathogens or their toxins. Some white blood cells, which are

The virus on entering the body will target specific cells such as those of the liver, immune system and the endothelial lining of the blood vessels.

administration of the virus has been difficult because of the body’s ability to build antibodies

When certain germs enter the body, the human immune system recognizes these germs as foreign substances and then proceeds to produce antibodies

Y shaped antibody molecule has two same antigen to antibody binding sites on each arm. Antibody molecule binds to antigen is the variable region (V region) which includes a pair of V regions: one heavy and one light chain.

with something called apoptosis or a programmed cell death, that kills the infected cells. But this is the first defense, which is called the Innate defense system (keep out, or quietly neutralizes, pathogens). The second defense is called the Adaptive immune system. When a white blood cell meets a new disease, it tries to meet with it and remember it from a threat to a friend. This ability to remember specific pathogens is one of the key differences between the adaptive and innate defenses. The Adaptive immune system can fight the new or known diseases throughout the whole body by two defenses, the Humoral immunity, and Cellular defenses. The humoral immunity despatches something called antibodies. Antibodies are made by special white blood cells and control the body's humor or fluids, like blood.

The first time the body's immune system is confronted with a foreign substance like a virus, it remembers the

There are two different types of immunity, passive and active. Passive immunity is when a person is transferred those antibodies from one person to another. This usually happens during child birth from mother to fetus or by nursing the infant. A great example of passive immunity would be receiving the rabies vaccine after a dog bite and you are unsure if the dog does have rabies. Another one would be the Hepatitis A vaccine, usually required when traveling overseas Active immunity is an acquired immunity which develops after a patient is given the antigen via a immunization. There are advantages to active immunity; duration of the immunity and the types of protection they provide. There are also disadvantages which are, there is a time

Vaccines contains antigens that are found in the diseases themselves. When a vaccine is received, the body’s immune system reacts to the foreign substance by creating antibodies against the antigen. This process forces the body to have immunity against the illness.

An antibody is defined as a large, Y-shaped protein that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are produced and released in the body as a result of antigen stimulation. They are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production. An antigen is thought to be any foreign substance that enters the body and elicits an immune response. The reaction between the two is detected as hemagglutination or hemolysis. The ABO antigens are typically expressed on the surface of the red blood cells and nearly all tissue surfaces. In comparison the Rh antigens are expressed exclusively in red blood cell. When the antigens enter the body, they are recognized by specific antibodies.

great amount of information for medicine, but what are they and how are they formed. What is the main reason we look for monoclonal antibodies? What are its purpose for use? Studies that show these Monoclonal antibodies changed medicine, and how it helped our patients today. How would these monoclonal antibodies change the future in medicine and how we care for our pa- tients. Would we be able to find a cure for HIV? The process of how we produce these Mono- clonal Antibodies will continue to change the study of medicine and our future to find a cure.

The researchers analysed data from a case control study conducted in three managed care organizations of 256 children with autism spectrum disease and 752 children matched on birth year, sex and managed care organization (MCO). A total of 1001 children were tested.

The current assumption is that the protection afforded via these vaccines is antibody mediated since passive immunisation is protective in animal models [26, 27]. HPV L1 VLP vaccines are highly immunogenic generating antibody concentrations after the 3rd immunisation that are 1-4 logs higher than those in natural infections [32, 33]. In published studies serum neutralising antibody persists with geometric mean titres (GMTs) about 1 log greater than natural infection for the 7-9 year duration of the published studies, [34, 35]. Mathematical modelling predicts slow decay of antibody over a 30-50 year period and potentially, therefore, protection over that time [36, 37]. Both type specific and cross neutralising antibodies are generated by VLP vaccines although concentrations of cross neutralising species are on average 1-2 logs lower than type specific [38]. At the present there is no immune correlate, no antibody concentration (or other immune measurement) has been defined that correlates with protection. However other than information on antibody concentration (both IgG and neutralising) there is little published data on other parameters such antibody affinity and avidity maturation that may be relevant in this context. Early reports indicate that avidity maturation does not correlate with antibody concentration or circulating memory B cells [39].

Whilst this is occurring, memory B cells figure out the shape of the antigen and remember it. This allows the B cells to produce antibodies much faster if the pathogen reinfects the person. The problem with the human immune system is that it takes approximately three weeks to reach peak antibody concentration and remove all of the pathogens in the body. Many pathogenic diseases (tetanus, polio, meningococcal etc) will kill the individual before the 3rd line of defence has the chance to destroy them. Vaccination involves injecting antigens (in the form of attenuated pathogens or pathogen parts) into the body. This causes the same immune response that would occur if the individual was infected with the actual disease; however, because the pathogens have been weakened (or killed) and had their reproductive ability inhibited, they cannot kill. This means that If the individual is infected by the pathogen in the future, he/she is extremely unlikely to get the disease (RNA based viruses such as Influenza are exempt from this due to their antigenic shift/drift ability). The use of repeated vaccination (eg. vaccination for a particular disease at two, four and six years of age) enhances the immune system even more.