The Discovery Of The Earth

Sense I am on the side of my client, Nicolaus Copernicus, I will summarize the main reasons of why my client should not be in jail for such a ridiculous reason. My client has spent many years contemplating on what space actually looks like, and he came up with a idea. Nicolaus idea was that the sun was the center of the solar system not the earth, and that every planet orbits the sun. Your church false fully threw Nicolaus Copernicus into jail for heresy when he did nothing wrong. Why should we throw one of the greatest minds of our time, and waste his knowledge just because you have different religious views? Nicolaus shouldn’t have to waste his time in jail when he could be making other amazing discoveries, and further advance our knowledge in how our world works. Therefore I ask that my client Nicolaus Copernicus be set free from prison.

The science that is connected with planet earth encompasses geosciences or earth science among others. Containing old histories, this is considered as a part of planetary science while it possesses holistic and reductionist approaches in the science of the planet Earth. This discipline can cope with lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere or hydrosphere. Quantitative understanding has been developed by the scientists to understand the ground systems with the tools by mathematics, physics, chronology, biology, chemistry alike that help to know how the universe is evolved.

238,900 miles away, the earth’s moon is one that is truly unique. With a given age of about 4.5 billion years the Earth serves a major role in real life and in the book Life as We Knew It by Susan Beth Pfeffer. When catastrophe strikes, Earth takes a turn for the worst and great natural disasters occur. Thousands die, but there are a number of survivors. If there are survivors, how beneficial is the moon actually? What would happen if the moon had been destroyed? How necessary is it for human survival? The Moon, is a great benefactor to human survival because of the benefits earth gets from it.

A crater, the Bedout crater, in Australia has been discovered. A bolide impact would have lead to mass death of marine and terrestrial organisms. The force of the impact could have released methane from stored organic matter and large earthquakes. These earthquakes would have triggered the volcanism in the Siberian traps, leading to the release of large amounts of CO2 and sulfur dioxide. These gases combined with methane previously released would have created a noxious atmosphere, combined with climate change that killed a large scale of life.

and sediments has shown something incredible. It contained clues to how Earth and the Moon formed as well as the history of the Sun. The scientists looked for what life would be like if humans could live on the moon. The Apollo 11 mission brought back the first geologic samples from the Moon back to Earth. Astronauts collected twenty-two kilograms of material which acquired samples of the lunar "soil," fifty rock samples and two core tubes which was found below the moon’s surface. All the samples was not composed with any water which provided no evidence for living organisms in the Moon's history. They figured out that there was volcanic activity since they

There are many different theories about how the moon was formed. People believe different things. I believe one is more reliable than all the others. I think the Big impact theory is the most trustworthy. The Big Impact theory has many different pieces of evidence behind it. The other ones i could barely find any.

In 1975, two scientists by the name of Dr. William K. Hartmann and Dr. Donald R. Davis, came up with a groundbreaking new theory on how the moon was created. Their theory stated “At the time Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, other smaller planetary bodies were also growing. One of these hit earth late in Earth 's growth process, blowing out rocky debris. A fraction of that debris went into orbit around the Earth and aggregated into the moon” (Hartmann & Herres 1). This theory is known as the Giant Impact Theory and is the accepted theory in the scientific community of how the moon was created. Even though this theory is accepted by most, there are still some people who don’t hold this theory to be true. I agree with Davis and Hartmann’s Giant Impact Theory that a great collision occurred and created the moon. The Giant Impact Theory is supported by the lack of iron on the moon, the moon rocks from the Apollo missions, and its acceptance in the scientific community.

The theory of the moon that had made sense was the "Giant impact theory" because of how the moon and the earth had made clearly of why they both had the same materials. The reason why it was the "Giant impact theory"'because when the mars sized object had hit the earth, their was a huge piece that was knocked off of earth and created the moon. As of Dr. William K. Hartmann and Dr. Donald R. Davis, they had made this theory in 1975 in the article of Icarus. If you look at the theory or just imagine mars size object that had took off a huge piece of earth, and the moon has the same material and even though nobody had seen the dark side, they can predict that the dark side has less dense then the perfect shape on the other side. So it can tell that the moon dark side could be all messed up and less dense since the impact of the mars sized object that hit earth.

There are a lot of theories about why the K-T extinction occurred, but a widely accepted theory was proposed in 1980 by a physicist named Luis Alvarez and his son Walter Alvarez who was a geologist. the theory is that an asteroid 4-9 miles (6-15 km) in diameter hit the Earth about 65 million years ago, creating the Chicxulub crater at the tip of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The crater is more than 110 miles in diameter and 12 miles in depth. It is one of the largest confirmed impact structures on Earth; The impact would have penetrated the Earth's crust, scattering dust and debris into the atmosphere, and causing huge fires, tsunamis, severe storms with highly acidic rain , seismic activity, and perhaps even volcanic activity . The impact could have caused chemical changes in the Earth's atmosphere, increasing concentrations of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and fluoride compounds. The heat from the impact's blast wave would have incinerated all the life forms in its path. The evidence for the impact was first discovered by Walter Alvarez and some of his colleagues. They found that rocks laid down precisely at the K-T boundary contain extraordinary amounts of the metal iridium. The dating is precise, and the iridium layer has been identified in more than one hundred places around the Earth. Where the boundary is in marine sediments, the iridium occurs in a layer just above the last Cretaceous microfossils, and the sediments above it contain Paleocene microfossils from the earliest part of the Cenozoic. Iridium is much rarer than gold on Earth, yet in the K-T boundary clay iridium is usually twice as abundant as gold, sometimes more than that. The same high ratio is found in meteorites. The Alvarez group therefore suggested that iridium was scattered worldwide from a cloud of debris that formed as an asteroid struck somewhere on Earth. Shocked quartz was

Many people often assume the asteroid completely wiped off the land and marine species with just the impact of the asteroid, but was rather the tipping point of what came next. In fact Choi stated that “ "We have shown that these events are synchronous to within a gnat's eyebrow, and therefore, the impact clearly played a major role in extinctions, but it probably wasn't just the impact.” ( Choi). The ultimate reasons for the dinosaurs and other species extinction was the blockage of sunlight which initially darkened and chilled to earth to extreme temperatures ( Jones). At this point many animals and even plants started to die off because of the chilling conditions, but that wasn't the only reason for the extinction of these species. Soon after the dust had settled and the earth was able to receive light, the planet initiated a greenhouse affect. Which not only put the remaining species at high temperatures, but their food also became inhabitable (Choi). The evidence of an asteroid theory is supported by the impact crater, rare metal, melted rock, fractured crystals, and the fossil record (Jones). The impact crater is actually one the main key examples of why the asteroid may have been responsible for the cretaceous mass extinction. It showed the asteroid landing on the Yucatan peninsula, and traveling at 30 kilometers per second (Jones). Not

If I were able to live on Earth a few years after the impact, the moon would have appeared larger and much closer to the Earth’s surface. Our side of Earth would be facing the moon much more often since the earth was spinning faster, with each day only lasting six hours. The moon caused Earth’s surface to rise and fall up to 200 feet during the moon’s

Earth rocks are very abundant in these minerals and other minerals that thrive in the high temperatures. They are almost completely deprived of these types of elements. Moon Rocks don?t. Moon Rocks also contain small ball like pieces of glass. The main theory on how this happened is by Moon dust being heated to extremely high temperatures along with other minerals. The hot dust would form a small glass piece, and the other minerals would form the rest of the rock. Earth rocks do not have this feature. .

In the beginning, impacts of very large objects were very common, some as big as Mars or half the diameter of Earth. Collision of large bodies orbiting Earth played a role in its initial tilt of spin axis, the length of its day, direction of spin, and the thermal state of the interior. This violent bombardment continued for 3.9 billion years. Final composition of Earth had several crucial structural effects. Enough metal was present early on to allow formation of an iron and nickel rich core that is partially liquid. This enables a magnetic field that deflects some harmful radiation from reaching the surface. Enough radioactive elements are also present in the core to maintain long term heating which drives plate tectonics. At 4.5 billion years ago, Earth separated into different layers: an inner core (made of iron and nickel), a land layer of lower density material, and an early atmosphere of carbon dioxide and steam. At 3.9 billion years ago, surface temperatures dropped to a range where liquid water could be maintained. Liquid water makes up approximately 75% of the planet's surface today which is roughly what it was then. The most important requirement for life as we know it is the presence of liquid water. This is the one substance that can serve as a universal solvent - that is, it can dissolve and transport minerals and

An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called: Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral charge and the electron carry’s a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons.

How exactly the asteroid damaged the Earth remains unclear, but the power released by such an impact is unquestionable. Effects possibly include reduced sunlight over a period of several months which possibly led to the decline or even total halt of primary production (via photosynthesis). One of the dominant signatures of the extinction at the KT boundary was the low activity of primary production, the possibility of reduced sunlight is high (Schulte et al. 2010) . Even if the primary production proved to be on a decline when this impact occurred, there is still some uncertainties as to where exactly the impact hit. This was why asymmetries in subsurface features of the Chicxulub crater were observed via geophysical methods were analyzed and it was calculated from estimates that the