Review of Literature for Poverty Measurements

According to Pogge (2008), poverty is a state at which individuals are not able to fulfill their basic human needs of food, shelter and clothing. This is taken in the context of quality and insufficient amounts in quantity. Poverty is categorized into two main classes, absolute and relative

Measuring poverty and deprivation are another important approach to measuring relative poverty. The guide combines a number of indicators which covers a range of economic, and social issues, allows each area to be relative to one another according to the level of deprivation. This covers the degree of income-related based upon the number in receipt of income related benefits which includes income support and tax or pension credits.

n this weeks lecture “Millennial Development”, Professor Fatmir Haskaj brought up various critical questions of poverty. Two key points in this weeks lecture are ‘measuring poverty’ and ‘globalized microfinance’. Professor Fatmir Haskaj touched on the reading of “Measuring Poverty” by Angus Deaton. This author mentioned there are many ways poverty has been measured throughout time. However, Professor Fatmir Haskaj noted that these were made a long time ago and so they are not up to date to what poverty is now. Poverty has no one definition nor does it have a definitive cause. There are many factors that go into what causes poverty. One that professor mentioned is that the poor subsidize the rich and thus the poor create poverty jobs. In another

“Poverty is the state for the majority of the world’s people and nations.” (Shah, 2014, September 28,). Another definitions as per (Kozier et al., 2014, p.194), poverty includes the limited choices and opportunities that are often associated with low income, that is, limited choices with regard to where people live, food choices and recreational activities.” Therefore, an individual facing several adversities and stigma because of their economic status and or place of residence. Other factors that causes poverty also includes, inequality, equity, sexism, classism, racism, education, social status, jobs and crime rates. In this study, Shah (2014) examines who is responsible for poverty and how the role of the government influences poverty.

The definition of poverty has changed over time and will continue to change as new ways of measuring poverty are introduced and as the policies change regarding available programs to assist individuals living in poverty. One continuous change that defines poverty is the change in the absolute poverty (poverty line) and relative poverty amounts. “Absolute poverty refers to a system whereby the government determines an objective income-level threshold or poverty line, which is used as a measure of who is poor” this is done by calculating the cost of basic needs to determine the minimal level of income needed to survive (Chapin, 2014, p. 309). On the other hand, “Relative poverty is influenced heavily by societal standards that determine a threshold

Global inequality is one of today’s most prevalent issues with 40% of the world’s population living in poverty. Poverty is qualitatively defined as being extremely poor. It is quantitatively defined as living under $2.00 each day by the United Nations. One-sixth of the world population or 877 million people live in extreme poverty defined as living under $1.00 a day. This definition leaves out a large bracket of the world because living under 5$ or even 10$ a day can be considered extreme poverty. The Gini Index developed by the world bank provides a global picture of inequality by comparing per capita gross income of the world’s economies and classifies countries as high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, or low income. According to the Gini index, the gap between rich and poor countries has grown in recent years and continues to widen. Although the index provides a comparison of country averages it does not take into account inequality within countries. Therefore, we can assume most of the world is actually living in poverty and many definitions or statistics on global poverty should be taken lightly because certain countries do no have means to quantify each household income.

Economists estimate wealth and poverty in many ways. The most three common measures are income, possessions (accumulated wealth in the form of money, securities, and real estate), and socioeconomic metrics. Actions in the last category go beyond financial data to account for health, food, infant mortality, sanitation, and other phases of human well-being. Usually, wealth and poverty measured regarding income. Information on income is readily available, credible, and relevant, particularly in discussing poverty in the United States, wherever the inherited wealth is a small factor, and most people live on wages and salaries. It 's beneficial to think of wealth and poverty about one another. That 's because income inequality is truly the underlying issue in poverty, particularly in developed countries. In the economic talk, income inequality indicates to the variation of revenue between and among several groups of people and households in an economy. Frequently the differences in wealth that effect people feel wealthy or poor. In a developed country, any family inside a house with indoor plumbing, decent food, and clothes, running water, and education and access to health care. This kind of life will be considered as a luxury. In the United States, millions of people who are enjoying these things are considered poor people, and those things constitute the essentials in America. In developed

The first step to any problem solving process is examining the scope of the task and educing any complications of proposed solutions. Above all the chaos and mess begetted from the current policies today, it is helpful to unravel and understand what global poverty is. However, poverty is not easy to define because “national poverty lines vary greatly across the world, from under $1 per person per day to over $40” (Ravallion). Because of cultural peculiarities, most of today’s problems relate to different issues such as accessibility to basic needs, adequate health and nutrition, and other problems that may be present in one country but not in another.

     The most prevalent means of measuring poverty have been, and continue to be, bench marks related to money. Poverty lines are used to measure absolute and relative poverty in terms of incomes and affordability. Such measurements are relatively easy to make and quantify. However, lack of money is more

Poverty is one of the main problems in underdeveloped countries. Every year, a large number of people from these countries die mainly due to poverty because of the lack of supplies, “An estimated 41.5 percent of the population is living under the national poverty line in 2005 (UNDP, 2006, 2). This figure is not only extremely high in absolute terms but represents an increase in poverty of more than 2 percentage points in just three

‘Poverty’ could be considered a difficult concept to define due to its subjective and personal nature; what poverty means to one person doesn’t necessarily mean the same to another. Different aspects of life including: income, living conditions, access to education, access to nutritional food and clean water are all factors that contribute towards an understanding of what ‘poverty’ actually is. Therefore, deciding whether poverty exists in the United Kingdom is challenging as it is crucial to establish a universal definition of poverty and consequently, who lives in these conditions in order to measure this and produce statistics that reflect the results. Thus, there has been a number of debates regarding what constitutes as poverty and

Poverty evokes various definitions depending on the audience and perhaps the purpose or context that it is used. Limiting the definition of poverty to a ‘value judgment’ is of little use in terms of agreeing on a definition for the purpose of comparison and measurement between groups (Sen 1979, p.285). A clear definition of poverty supports and indicates the process for measurement, and as such would also assist in determining the focus and approach for development (Clark 2012; Ruggeri, Saith & Stewart 2006, p.19). In reviewing Oxfam Australia’s (Oxfam) Close the Gap campaign, it is necessary to identify the approach that is taken in defining poverty in order to gauge the scope of the project, the development of the approach used, and to quantify the change that occurs.

Poverty eradication has become one of the main goals within the last few decades as shown through the recently expired Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals. Poverty, in turn, is influential as high poverty causes worse health outcomes within a country. Poverty severely affects several aspects of quality of life, such as health, happiness. This makes it important to evaluate the quality of life within a country. Poverty and Inequality have been linked together by the World Bank in their report. This chapter will look at how the economic inequality within Japan, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil have either increased or decreased poverty within a country. The indicators this chapter shall

Poverty is the state of having little to no money, goods, or means of support. It is a necessary evil that plagues a part of all countries, ranging from 1.5% of the population in Taiwan, to 80% in Chad. At the root of this problem, as is at the root of many more, is an inequality within today’s society.

So with the creation of PPAs, the understanding of poverty had expanded from only focusing on the economic indicators, like income and consumption to a much broader, like the marginalized groups which were vulnerable physically and socially or powerless, because PPAs provided a method which asked participation of stakeholders who represented different interests, the most outstanding was including the perspective of the poor, so it added the qualitative research to the original quantitive research, it improved the poverty analysis and became the mainstream in the field of poverty assessment.