1. What research question did the paper address?
This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between the puff size (while smoking a cigarette) and the amount of nicotine being inhaled. The researchers wanted to see if there was compensation in puff volume, for the reduced nicotine yields. To provide an unbiased study, the yields and characteristics of tar, carbon monoxide, taste, and draw were all the same, while the nicotine content varied with different participants. There were high, medium, and low nicotine yields, with 24 participants, 14 male and 10 female. The study was done after an 8-10 period of abstaining from smoking.
2.Why was it important to address this question? Why do we need to know the answer to this research question?
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Are the methods explained in sufficient detail to allow another scientist to replicate the study? If not, what details are missing?
There is a sufficient amount of evidence to replicate this study, yet the environment was not discussed and could alter results. This means that if the study were done in an uncomfortable environment, or since the subjects are being watched, it could be skewed, and they did not explain this in enough detail.
4. Please describe all the results (all important results). Tell me what the results were without any interpretation of what they actually mean.
The number of puffs and the interval between puffs did not vary throughout participants who were smoking different amounts of nicotine. Subjects took a longer period of time to smoke high nicotine cigarettes, which also gave them side effects such as rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, and shakiness. They also found that the puff volume had decreased throughout the duration of smoking that cigarette. Puff volume and nicotine content were directly related to high or low nicotine. When there was a 67% increase of nicotine, there was actually only a 33% increase in puff size.
5. In your own words describe what you think the results tell us. What do the results mean? How do you interpret the
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The participant information was not discussed and could easily skew results, such as the individual’s habits and lifestyle. A participant could be under the influence of another substance, or highly stressed, which are said to make cravings of nicotine higher. A relaxed, sober participant could have puffed a smaller volume of the low nicotine cigarette. Another flaw would be the fact that none of them enjoyed the taste of the cigarette in the study. If the participants were smoking a cigarette of their favorite brand with the flavors they like, the puff size would likely increase. I think that would be a difficult study to hold, but the results may be more accurate. The percentage of nicotine to the percentage of puff size increase would likely be closer with their cigarette of choice. Otherwise, the questions were answered and the results were provided in
6. Although you are basically satisfied with the analysis thus far, you are concerned about the
1.What two factors did you investigate in your procedure, and why did you choose to compare these two factors?
· Based on your review of the statistics in the study, do you agree with the study’s conclusions? Why or why not?
Part B: How might each of the following concepts affect the results of the study?
List results of outcomes relevant to answering the focused question, please briefly explain the meaning of any numerical results.
The consumption of cigarettes negatively impact the health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed. In this section we will focus in the negative heath effects of consumption in smokers. The consequences of tobacco consumption to the health appeared in the early twentieth century. there are published thousands of articles and reviews of this theme and show us that smoking is related with alterations in all organs and systems.
1. Describe the context (why it was done, the general interest and what the researchers wanted to find out) of the research and research question (what is the hypothesis). /10
C. Results for the whole class: Make notes about how the measurements and observations of other groups in the class compared to yours. Any outliers?
there's no denying vaping is taking off and there are 2.1million using vape in uk and this number is steadily rising as a numerous smoker and desperate to quit the Death stick and turn to vape as substitute . In there study, they ask five participants age 21 to 41 to attempt give up smoking and turn to e cigarettes as alternative method,thet give the vapourlites Starter kit and each participants package to catered their smoking; how many cigarettes they use a day and what brand .they wanted to notice the change physical such as in eating ,sleeping, craving and changes the participants social life.
Once nicotine is in the blood stream it flows almost immediately to the brain. The carbon monoxide that is inhaled through the use of a cigarette reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry. The reduced amount of oxygen and the effects of nicotine delivered to the brain cause an imbalance of the amount of oxygen that is demanded and the amount of oxygen supplied. As a result of a reduced amount of oxygen in the blood stream the heart rate increases, because the heart has to increase the flow of blood to deliver the amount of oxygen that is required throughout the body. The body’s blood pressure also increases when nicotine is introduced into the body. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland which releases adrenalin and noradrenalin. The release of these hormones can have numerous effects on the body’s vascular system and cause an increase in blood pressure.
The decision between the use of e-cigarettes and real cigarettes is an answer that can affect your life and your body during its progression. During the experiments done scientists tested how e-cigarettes affect the body and how well it is seen by the general population of physicians. The first experiment done on smokers using 14-37 packs a year, switching to e-cigarettes, showed that these people began decreasing the amount of packs they smoked by 22% in week 12 of the study and about 13% in one year. The next experiment measured the amount of people in a set group who have ever used an e-cigarette. The results showed about 9% of people said they have used an e-cigarette and about 1% said they have used and stopped using e-cigarette. The next experiment showed cytotoxicity of e-cigarettes and if mice developed any lung issues at various intensities. The use of intense e-cigarettes showed that the mice had much more CRV than the control group of mice, leading to the verdict that e-cigarettes could have a harmful affect on humans too. These results show how e-cigarettes are used between the population and who is more likely to come in contact with the product. Also, the results show that the e-cigarettes affect the human body just like regular cigarettes do.
I am writing this report on the issue of vaping and smoking. I will go into detail explaining the effect of vaping and smoking in the human body and the effect it as on society. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of vaporing will be provided. In this report I will include statistical illustrations and diagrams on how it affects the society and draw conclusions with the given evidence. I have decided to research this topic because of how much smoking has affected the people especially younger people in the society.
This study “A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes” is important because it dives into the details surrounding current teen phenomenon and obsession of vaping. As someone who has been in high school and has siblings in high school, I am well aware of the especially large effects it can have on adolescents health and safety. Not all that much is clear about vaping, so it is extremely important that research about it continues. A study is the most helpful when it is conclusive, not when it has mere suggestions. In this case, more studies performed means that we are closer to a foundational argument about the effects of vaping amongst teens. According to this methodical article, 76 studies were investigated, polling various bits of information from a variety of sources.
Smoking is not just a bad habit, but also a complex addiction. Experts believe that nicotine exerts its powerful addictive effects by
Sometime back one of my friends who were a regular smoker claimed to feel good and motivated to do any task after he smoked. Although he later on stopping smoking he always said that smoking was the best thing that had happened in his life. I, later on, discovered that the reason behind his happy mood after taking a puff was contributed by nicotine, which triggered his brain to produce a happy feeling. Use of nicotine is said to cause several social influences. For instance, smoking plays an integral part in starting a conversation among smokers.