QNT561 Sampling and Data Collection Pla Essay

Topics Distribution of the sample mean. Central Limit Theorem. Confidence intervals for a population mean. Confidence intervals for a population proportion. Sample size for a given confidence level and margin of error (proportions). Poll articles. Hypotheses tests for a mean, and differences in means (independent and paired samples). Sample size and power of a test. Type I and Type II errors. You will be given a table of normal probabilities. You may wish to be familiar with the follow formulae and their application.

The sample size should be n ≥ 138.3 ≈ 139 for a 95% confidence level

The theory of reliability states that it is impossible to calculate the reliability of a study in an exact way. Instead, reliability is estimated and this creates an imperfection in research. There are four major types of reliability. The first is inter-rater or inter-observer reliability. This means the reliability that is used to assess the degree to which the different people who are observing or rating the items being studied give estimates that are consistent regarding the same phenomenon. A good example is the popular example of a glass half empty and one that is half full. This is to mean that people who are in essence similar in every nature may have different ideas or views of the same phenomenon. This kind of reliability is estimated by using a pilot study which is used to establish the expected reliability in the main study(Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2012).

What is the sample size? The sample size for this study was 233 patients and 148 nurses.

Reliability refers to coherence, stability and dependability in test results, generally using internal consistency to express the levels of reliability in the test. The higher reliability indicates the higher level of accordance, stabilization and dependability in test results. Reliability is the precondition of validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1981). The same findings may not generate if the same research is repeated, because many influencing factors may work in the process of research. The process of establishment in reliability research includes: the research rigorously collect and explain data in consistent investigation (internal checks); the process is transparent (sample design, field work, inquiry and rational data). Patton (1987) suggests that the use of triangulation in multiple approaches can increase the reliability in results.

3.3 Sampling Procedure 29 3.4 Source of Data 29 3.5 Data Collection 30 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Descriptive Analysis 34 4.3 Measure of Reliability 35 4.3.1 Testing the Reliability of Scales Used 35 4.4 Correlation Analysis 35 4.4.1

Sample Size: This investigation consisted of two trials, each with 4 different data points (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), giving a total sample size of 8. As illustrated in graph 1, this was adequate enough to support the hypothesis and theory of the investigation. Furthermore, the sample size enabled an average to be calculated, which ultimately minimises the effects of any outliers.

It will be more precise to have a large size of respondents. Sample sizes larger than 100 and less than 500 are appropriate for this study.

It is significant to have validity in research. Validity is the best approximation of the truth of a given

A key component of using evidence-based practices is to review the best available data from multiple sources to ensure that a quality decisions. (Barends, Rousseau, & Briner, 2014). To identify the best available data, one can begin by questioning the validity and reliability of a study. Validity and reliability in evidence-based research is essential to the success of a research paper. Validity is concerned with the extent to which the research measures what it designed or intended to measure. (McLeod, 2013). The validity of research relates to how valuable the research findings are to the question at hand (Leung, 2015). Validity in research is the work done that is credible and believable because those sources find

Research requires a dependable measurement. The measurement are reliable to the extent they are repeatable and that any random influence which tends to make measurements different occasion to occasion is a source of measurement error. So retest, equivalent forms and split-half reliability are determined through correlation.

Validity and reliability are two critical aspects of approving and validating the quantitative research. Also, reliability and validity are fundamental psychometric properties (Tang, 2015). Reliability is a form of reproducibility and internal consistency. Retesting reliability deals with the instrumental score is costing estimate that does not change (Tang, 2015). Interclass correlation and Kappa statistics are two different scores that can be used to test reliability. However, internal consistency is more concern with the interrelatedness of items within a multi-item scale. Another form of scale score is the Cronbach’s alpha. The Cronbach’s alpha is used to examine the internal consistency of the scale and each of the factors (Chaudhary, Rangnekar, & Barua (2013). Reliability in quantitative research consists of producing the same results under same measurements. Reliability is also known to display results when an experiment is repeated numerous of times using same methodological conditions, which is similar to validity. Both validity and reliability require a researcher to analyze data to ensure accuracy.

Samples size of this study was chosen on the basis of practical considerations rather than statistical estimation. However, according to our experience, the calculated sample size will most likely allow to detect large differences (if any) in parameters (> 50%) between the treatments groups.

The term validity is the state of being valid or an experiment that meets all the requirements in the scientific research method. The term reliability means the results being performed in an experiment must have more than one-off meaning it must have the same results repeatedly. There are two different validity types. One of them is internal and the other is external validity. Internal validity shows how an experiment is being constructed including all the steps being executed in the scientific research method. External validity is when researchers examine the results that were being obtained for questioning whether or not if there are any possible solutions to a causal relationship. The new insights I’ve gained from these important concepts

-Why was the study conducted? –What was the margin of error? –What was the sample size? -What sampling design was used? –What was the response rate? –What was the frame that was used? -Who paid for the survey? –From the sample that was selected, what was the population?