Proton Pump Inhibitors Research Paper

Introduction: This experiment is going to test the ability of antacids and how they absorb acid to see which is a better buffer. An antacid neutralizes acid, and this helps the most with heartburn. Heartburn is where stomach acid is regurgitated back into the esophagus, and this causes a burning feeling in the chest (Oxford University Press, 2017). A buffer is a source of hydroxide ions that can absorb hydrogen ions, which in turn keeps the pH stable (Mader, 2017). In this experiment, the different antacids that are being tested to absorb the hydrogen ions from stomach acid are the buffers. The pH scale helps determine how acidic or basic a solution

2 Patients must demonstrate no response to acid suppression (high-dose PPI for 6-8 weeks), while symptoms should improve with dietary eliminations and/or corticosteroids. Esophageal biopsy must demonstrate at least 15 eosinophils/high-power field and normal mucosa in the stomach and duodenum, and other causes of esophageal eosinophilia must be excluded. 2 Of note, there is a subgroup of patients with PPI-responsive eosinophilia. In this group, GERD is excluded but histopathology demonstrates eosinophil-predominant inflammation. Less is known regarding this condition and treatments for this subgroup.

•     Lose weight. Excess weight increases pressure on the stomach and helps push acid in to the esophagus.

Proton pump inhibitors are given to decrease the risk for stress ulcers in critically ill patients.

Pharmacokinetics: Oral dosing up to twelve hours for a majority of patients, also a 24-hour dosing interval for selected patients. Extended- release tablet for administered orally could contain up to 450mg.

Hydromorphone, also known as Dilaudid, is an opioid agonist analgesic. This drug produces “analgesia, euphoria, and sedation” (Karch, 2015, p. 608). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain in patients who have uncontrolled, chronic, and post-operative pain. Hydromorphone is notorious for causing adverse drug events (ADE).

Triple therapy with metronidazole and either bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate plus either amoxicillin or tetracycline for 14 days eradicates H pylori infection in 70–95% of patients. An acid-suppressing agent given for 4–6 weeks enhances ulcer healing. Proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole) directly inhibit H pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors. Either 1 week of a proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin or of amoxicillin plus metronidazole also is highly effective [51].

Urinary excretion is the major route of pramipexole elimination, with 90% of a pramipexole dose recovered in urine, almost all as unchanged drug. Nonrenal routes may contribute to a small extent to pramipexole elimination, although no metabolites have been identified in plasma or urine. The renal clearance of pramipexole is approximately 400 mL/min (CV=25%), approximately three times higher than the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, pramipexole is secreted by the renal tubules, probably by the organic cation transport

When Bowtrol performance is at optimum, a person starts experiencing fluctuation of energy, an indication of how hard it is working cleansing the colon. The user should at this point reduce the number of pills taken to 1 in the first half week, moving up to 2 after 48 to 72 hours. Depending on the feeling of the body, one can increase its

Therefore, somatostatin works inhibiting the acid secretion acting directly in the parietal cell and in that same way blocking the regulation of gastrin and histamine (Washington.edu, n.d.). Additionally, somatostatin can also inhibit other gastrointestinal hormones like vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (Utiger, 2011). The clinical use of somatostatin as a drug to reduce the production of gastric acid it is limited due to two critical factors: first, somatostatin has a very short half-life with less than three minutes of action and second, somatostatin can only be produced by the body (Huang, 1997). However, some studies suggest the use of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of reduction of gastric acid. According to Ritz, et al., (1999) Vapreotide, a somatostatin analog was used as testing trial to treat intragastric acidity without positive outcome in the regulation of acidity and mediation of gastrin. Also, they found that Vapreotide can also diminish the contraction of the gallbladder reducing the effects of the biliary functions (Ritz, et al.,

Description/Synopsis: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) due to their potential to inhibit gastric acid production. Unfortunately, high doses of PPIs are associated with adverse health outcomes. The use of PPIs has been shown to affect the absorption of minerals and vitamin-like calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Not only the risk of other severe conditions like hyperparathyroidism, diarrhea and pneumonia increases upon the long-term use of PPIs but the negative effects also extend to coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic diseases. PPIs reduce the efficacy of the drug clopidogrel which inhibits platelet activation thereby contributing to coronary heart disease and myocardial

DOSAGE: (Gord with oesophagitis) 40mg orally or IV for weeks, maybe repeated for a further 4 weeks for patients who have persistent symptoms or if oesophagitis not healed

Pharmacology is the study of the effects drugs have and how they exert them. Drugs can be administered enteral or parenteral. [1] Enteral refers to any form of administration that involves the alimentary tract. The four enteral routes of administration include the mouth, sublingual, buccal and rectal. Parenteral refers to routes of administration outside of or beside of the alimentary tract. The parenteral route includes intravascular (IV), Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of administration. The parenteral routes are used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or that are unstable in the GI tract. The parenteral routes are used in unconscious patients or when a fast response is needed as it provides the

Aspirin on its own is acidic and can act upon the stomach and intestines. With this kind of aspirin, the drug is mixed with an agent like calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide to facilitate passage through the stomach

Antacids are taken to neutralize the acid from the stomach (What is GERD?). It is important to note that antacids taken for long periods of time can harm the kidneys by a build up of magnesium in the body and an altered calciummetabolism (What is GERD?). Some other drugs that are also recommended by doctors are H2 blockers which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach. These include Zantac and Pepcid. It is very important to treat this disease because continual acid in the esophagus will lead to other even harmful diseases. If left untreated and acid reflux continues regularly, the patient is at risk for developing other various esophagus disorders such as, ulcers, Barret’s Disease, esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (Sonnenberg). According to an article written by Ammon Sonnonberg and Heshem B. El-Serag, esophageal adenocarcinoma causes 2.5 deaths per million people. Often the symptoms of gastroesphageal reflux disease are a poor indicator to the severity of the disease and esophageal condition. A gastrointestinal endoscopy is usually performed to determine the condition of the esophagus (Sonnenberg). This can also be used to check the lower esophageal sphincter