Pathophysiology Essay

There are three different theories that are used when talking about how we react to stress through the physiological aspect or the psychological aspect. The first is part of the physiological aspect of stress called the Cannon Fight or Flight theory which was proposed in 1914. Fight or Flight response is a physiological stress response that evolved to help organisms to survive immediate danger. The theory states that when an organism, human being or animal, faces imminent danger (acute stressor) the body arouses quickly and is ready to act via two different systems. They are the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla which is part of the endocrine system and is the region that produces the hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow, and glucose levels to prepare the body for an emergency. This response from the body suggests that the body knows how to protect itself and reach homeostasis. These two systems work together to either fight against the danger or flight away from the danger. Lord, King and Pfister in 1976 studied the Fight or Flight response in animals through a very unethical study. They administered chemicals on male hooded Wistar rats which inhibited the neurotransmitters from functioning normally. This made it very difficult for the rats to escape an electric shock. The results of the study suggest that the Flight or Fight response

Lymphoma is unifying name a blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system. There are two types, Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Both are cancers that affect the body’s defense system. After being diagnosed, approximately seven to ten years are left before death, however, many are able to survive longer than the given amount. Survival rates have doubled to 87.7 percent in the white population since 1960-1963, which has become one of the curable cancers, with a 71.4 percent increase for non-Hodgkin for all people. Signs of lymphoma can be seen from the size of large cells with two or more nuclei, or can be from infiltration of B cells or T cells, both that aid our lymphatic system. Symptoms can be Asymptomatic or the same as Leukemia.

The human body reacts externally or internally in the way of physiological responses. When we experience one of these stressors the physiological responses job is to prepare the body to deal either by adapting to it or simply surviving it. This can promote a functional alteration in the organs normal function.

1) Make a graph of resting heart rates from Activity 1. Provide a physiological explanation for fluctuations in resting heart rate over time. Discuss a couple of extrinsic factors that influence the autonomic nervous regulation of resting heart rate.

The fight or flight instinct does not allow time to process anything new. Our brains become focused on the object or event that is causing the body to undergo stress.

homeostasis. Joint homeostasis is maintain with the balance between build up mechanism and break down mechanism of the joint. Imbalance homeostasis occurred when anabolic effect is slower than catabolic effect of the joint. This will result in joint instability (Goldring MB, 2006).

1. Sweating, high temperature, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and itching all over the body are symptoms of Lymphoma.

The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the basis of the cardiovascular system also known as the circulatory system. The average human body contains approximately 5 litres of blood which is carried around the body via a network of blood vessels split into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries. The arteries are the largest of the three vessels and carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart and are smaller than arteries, then finally the smallest vessels known as capillaries distribute the oxygen rich blood to organs whilst simultaneously picking up the waste carbon dioxide and water from the organs to transport back to the heart where it can be pumped into the lungs to be exhaled.

Lymphoma has two categories but the most common is known as Non Hodgkin’s Disease. There are about ten different types of non hodgkin’s lymphomas, some slower or faster growing than others. “One type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is called Burkitt’s lymphoma. This type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is most often found in young people between the ages of twelve and thirty” (Freedman 24). Non hodgkin’s lymphoma affects twenty out of every one hundred thousand people in the U.S.

1. Which of the following clients is at a high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy?

Homeostasis Homeostasis works to maintain the organism's internal environment, where the body's processes are able to function at a level that would allow life to continue in that organism. The three systems which are controlled by homeostasis are the respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular systems. Changes to the cardiovascular system are often a result of changes in the activities of other systems.

Homeostasis is when a livening system has the ability to keep an internal balance. The internal balance includes body temperature, digestion, and fighting of sickness.

Cancers arising from the lymph nodes or other sites of lymphoid tissue are broadly termed lymphomas. This group of diseases is divided into Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In both conditions, there is a replacement of normal lymphatic tissue by collections of abnormal lymphoma cells.

Lymphoma is one of the most common type of blood cancers or also known as lymphatic cancer. Lymphoma is divided into two forms Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lymphomas begin in white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphomas occur when the immune system is attacked by malignant lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are divided into B and T cells and help the body fight off any infections or diseases. B cells or lymphocytes are what produce the antibodies in our bodies

My junior year I had the opportunity to take an anatomy class.This, partnered with my psychology class, was one of the most fascinating classes I have taken in my high school careers. Learning about the human body fascinated me as it was something that was so applicable, something that related to how I live my life everyday.