bdulaziz Alsheikh
Philosophy 110
Spring 2015
Final Exam:
I- Definitions:
Please give substantive definitions of the following (worth 3 points each):
1. Ad Hominem:
Appealing to someone’s prejudices, emotions and other interests rather than to someone’s intellect or reason. Ad hominem also means attacking an opponent’s character instead of answering his argument
2. Universal Negative:
Also referred as the No Statement. it’s a universal proposition that denies something of all members of a class. No S (Subject) are P (Predicate). In light of universal negative, there are areas where you have things that are both S and P because all the statement saying is that there are no things that are both S and P so we can shade the area to show that there is nothing there.
3. Propositional Logic: it’s a formal deduction system in which formulae representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives.
4 Disjunct: One of many propositions, any of which, if true, confirm the validity of another proposition ( a disjuction).
5. Copula:
A word used to link the subject f a sentence with a predicate that associates the subject with the predicate.
6. Red Herring :
A clue or information that is intended to be misleading and diverts attention from a question.
7. Predicate term:
The generic term for symbolic formal systems like first-order logic, second-order logic and many-sorted logic or infinitary logic.
8. Correlation:
A reciprocal,
During reconstruction, the meaning of freedom suited many different types of interpretation; the perception of freedom between former slaves and their slaves masters were very contradictory. To begin with, African-Americans had suffered severe abuse over those years of slavery, so to them, the meaning of freedom was basically a hope that in the future, they won’t experience all kind of punishment and exploration that they have been experienced so far. Besides that, formers slaves were demanding equal civil and political rights. In the same way, they valued their freedom by establishing their own schools and churches, reuniting families that were separated under
The cost of quality in a manufacturing process and environment are many as you are aware. But the 3 primary costs that we should review on a more regular basis to assure we are creating the most cost effective and quality products are the following: Appraisal, Prevention and Failure, and failure costs should be looked at as internal failure and external failure.
The manager will need to ensure that they have the correct level of rapport with their employee. Too familiar in nature may be misconstrued as forward and harassing in the wrong context. However no personal rapport whatsoever may provide the receiver of the information with the impression that the sender of the information is just not interested. A fine line must be weighed up for each individual. When a good rapport has been achieved, then the person will uncritically accept suggestion or advice which they are given.
A system is a set of interrelated parts. Systems theory assumes that a system must be understood as a whole, rather than in component parts. It is a way of looking at the world where all the objects are interrelated with one another. Many family systems are addressed in the movie Little Miss Sunshine.
Lau, T., & Johnson, L. (2013). The legal and ethical environment of business. (1st ed., p. 11.2-11.5).
Symbolic Logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference. It explains and deals with the relations of symbols to each other, often using complex mathematical calculus, in an attempt to solve difficult problems traditional formal logic is not able to address.Symbolic logic is often divided into two sub-branches:
These are often for local newspaper ads. The downside to the supplier is that their competitor may also offer an advertising allowance and receive a more desirable location within the ad. This is something that would have to be clearly negotiated.
An Ad Hominem is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument. Ad Hominem is a tactic that political has practice to discredit a person, not buy claiming something about the claim but say something negative about the person. “As nonsensical as the tactic might seem-why would exposure of embarrassing personal information counter evidence of the government deceit? Ellsberg understood it clearly: people do not want to be associated with someone who has been discredited or publicly humiliated.” For example Daniel Ellsberg, which they broke in to his office and stole a file of his sexual history. Then there was an article that stated that Julian Assange’s was bizarre and paranoid, with little grip of reality. In the article they also specified that she would check I hotels with false names, dye her hair, sleep on sofas and floors, the article also stated that crazy and delusional. (226-227)
Non-Sequitur: when you jump around with your writing in ways that the events would not happen.
Ad Hominem comes from latin and means ‘against the man’, is a common fallacy that it is used to attack the person rather than their argument. It is a lazy and easy way to put down your opponent with poor reasoning and bad logic. It plays with people’s emotion. The attack can be true, but has no relevance to the claims of the argument and can bias the audience. Ad Hominem fallacies are often used in politics, media and court.
Standard logic is two-valued. That just means that each sentence in the logic is true or false, not both, and not neither. ‘My cat’s breath smells like cat food’ is either true or false; it can’t both smell that way and not smell that way at the same time to the same person, and surely it either does or it doesn’t. But as we’ve seen, some interpretations of quantum mechanics might suggest adding in a new value.1 Perhaps Copenhagen-style interpretations indicate that we should have a value of neither—a truth-value “gap”—and Copenhagen and many-worlds interpretations indicate that we should have a value of both: a truth-value “glut.”2 As it happens, there are independent philosophical reasons to explore three- or four-valued logics (and
The quantifier is the first part of the sentence, and tells you how much of the subject that is talked about. Quantifiers include words such as “all”, “some,” or “no”. The quantifier in the first premise of the example is “all.” The second term the subject term. The subject refers to what is being discussed in the sentence. In the first premise, the subject is the term “souls.” The next term is the copula, and the copula links the subject and predicate together. The copula can be either “is” or “are,” or “is not” or “are not.” In the case of the example, the copula in the first premise is “are.” The last term is the predicate term. The predicate refers to the other category that is being talked about in the sentence. In the example from above, the predicate in the first term in “immaterial things.” When all four parts of the sentence are put together properly, you have a correctly translated categorical proposition
- to mention someone or something in an attempt to make people feel a certain way or have a certain idea in their mind;
The decision component decides if the text is entailed the hypothesis or not, based on the comparison component output.