What are the effects of bullying on international students- A literature review
Introduction
Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby & Hoppa, 2008; Smith & Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel & Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomes of bullying along with the international review and strategies for bullying. The various ways of coping with bullying are also explained in the literature review.
Definitions of bullying According to Policy, Bullying is unwanted,
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This imbalance of power in the bully/victim relationship is important because it distinguishes bullying from other acts of violence or aggression. The power imbalance is used to exclude violence that is not deemed bullying. For example, when a sixth-grade boy is kicked on the bus every day by a smaller, emotionally impaired second grader, it is not considered bullying under Olweus’ definition, even though the harm is deliberating and repeated; the power imbalance does not exist. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace and School
Bullying among school children is a very old phenomenon. The fact that some children are frequently and systematically harassed and attacked by other children and many adults have personal experience of it as they are facing it from their school days. Though many are acquainted with the bully/victim problem, it was not until recently, in the early 1970s, that efforts were made to study it systematically (Olweus,1978). In the 1980s and early 1990s, the problem of bullying among school children has received some public attention in Japan, England, Australia, the United States, and other countries. There are now clear indications of an increasing societal as well as research interest into bully/victim problems in several parts of the world (Olweus,1994).
As more and more children go to school, the rates of bullying go up as time goes by. there are many times at which students suffer all the bullying that occurs within their lives. As more schools become aware of the magnitude of the bullying occurring right under their noses, there are rules created to aid the victim. There are various types of bullying and these are created to do one thing, instill superiority among the “stronger” and place a feeling of inferiority. Bullies are the ones who are detrimental to a child’s development.
Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among people of all ages, but mostly school-age children. Society has been aware of bullying since around 1693, but it was not viewed as a real problem until the 1970s. “While overall incidents of school violence, such as assault and theft, have declined in the last decade, bullying is on the rise.” (qtd in Tyre) The percentage of middle and high school students that have been victimized by bullying went up from 14 percent in 2001 to 32 percent in 2009. (Tyre)
There are many definitions that adequately define bullying; however, a simple definition is given by Kas Dekker, “Bullying is defined as a person being repeatedly exposed to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons and has difficulty defending him or herself.” (Dekker, 2013 pg 228) In this quote, Dekker is describing a power imbalance between the bully and the victim. In a power imbalance, the bully misuses their skills – whether strength, verbal, gestural, or relational – in order to either acquire their yearnings, or put another individual down. According to Ken Rigby, “Verbal bullying is the most common form of bullying, it involves talking down to a person by either insulting them or cruel sarcasm.” (Rigby, 2003 pg 10) In this form of bullying, the bully is
In such a diverse society that encompasses of wide variety of socioeconomic statuses, ages, genders, sexual orientations, races, ethnicities, and education levels, bullying is unfortunately becoming more and more common. According to the American Psychological Association, on the most basic operational level, “Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions” (Stop Office Bullying, p. 1). The root of bullying can usually be traced back to a power imbalance, often with the superior discriminating based
Bullying involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is highly likely to be repeated behavior. A young person can be a perpetrator, a victim, or both (also known as a "bully/victim") (Cite). In order to study bullying in the United States, this paper will provide a thorough definition of bullying, which includes characteristics of bullies and those that are victims of bullying. This paper will also examine
Many kids all around the world are abused by their parents, peers or even by complete strangers. One of these types of abuse is bullying. At a first glance, we might think that it is an older kid beating/teasing a younger classmate however; bullying consists of much more than this. The basic definition of bullying is when your behavior hurts or harms another person physically or emotionally. There are many different types of bullying, which may lead to a victim becoming violent later on. There is teasing and name calling, there is also picking and shoving the kid. However, the most extreme one would be beating up the child, hurting them physically and mainly, emotionally.
With school-aged children, bullying more frequently happens while they are at school, or afterward when the students are not being supervised by their teacher in places like the cafeteria, bus, lockers, playground or neighborhood. Now that kids have access to online technology, bullying can also happen on the internet. With this in mind, teachers must now research and understand what bullying is, and develop methods to help fight against bullying. Bullying is the aggressive, unwanted behavior that occurs between kids of all ages. Children that bully are using the power they believe they have over other kids to try to control and harm them. Bullying can happen via verbal, social, or physical abuses, such as name-calling, threats, spreading rumors, isolation, embarrassment, spitting, hitting, destroying personal things, etc. In order to be considered bullying, these bad behaviors are repeated over time.
An important descriptor of bullying is that it occurs repeatedly. There are many types of bullying whether it be physical or verbal, including gossiping and targeting in jokes, subjugating others to an inferior position, denying people from social groups, insulting, expressing derisive facial expressions, putting blame on that certain individual, being more closely scrutinized and unnecessarily criticized. Problems with bullying is that in the workplace this usually decreases the productivity and could lead to unnecessary resignations, which could cost the company even more money to find another person to fill that position. It’s not just work that suffers, the human body also does, as bullying also leads to emotion and physical problems. The Washington State Department of Labor & Industries found that these problems include high stress, financial problems, lower self-esteem, and sleep and digestion irregularities. To deal with bullying, workplaces should be strict in regards to dealing with bullying. This means that they should make it clear that bullying will not be tolerated and remind the workers that bullying hurts the business. In addition, in certain cases, you should confront the bully and tell them to stop, as this is sometimes enough to stop them, though you have to be sure that there is no danger in proceeding. In addition, if you happen to be a bystander, you should stand up, though this could be difficult to
Bullying in the workplace is the topic that Heeman has addressed and evaluated with the aid of research from additional authors. Communication plays a major role in bullying when brought into the workplace and it can continue for extensive lengths of time if not managed and handled properly. The roles of bullying are included in Heeman’s report which are the bully, the target, and the bystander. The costs on the workplace can be threatening to the staffing, productivity and the overall work environment. Percentages and research are presented proving the amount of bullying that actually takes place in the workplace. Ways to combat the bullying are introduced into the report to include understanding and taking action to stop and prevent the bullying from continuing. Heeman concludes his report by mentioning that researchers need to focus their attention on finding solutions and ways to intercept bullying to lower the statistics and ratios.
The Effects of Bullying on a Child Every day in our schools, children are threatened, teased, taunted, and tormented by bullies. At any given time, about 25 percent of U.S. students are the victims of bullies and about 20 percent are engaged in bullying behavior (Education World, 2000). The National Association of School Psychologists estimates that 160,000 children stay home from school every day because they are afraid of being bullied (Education World, 2000). Bullying is characterized by three criteria(NCPTB, 2003): It is aggressive behavior or the intent to harm,
The general definition of bullying is, “… [This] states that a person is being bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons” (Aluede et al. 3). There are two different variations in bullying type such as direct and
Bullies in School Kathleen Berger 1 Bullying was once commonly thought to be an unpleasant but normal part of child's play, not to be encouraged, of course, but of little consequence in the long run. However, developmental researchers who have looked closely at the society of children consider bullying to be a very serious problem, one that harms both the victim and the aggressor, sometimes continuing to cause suffering years after the child has grown up. 2 One leading researcher in this area is Dan Olweus, who has studied bullying in his native country of Norway and elsewhere for twenty-five years. The cruelty, pain, and suffering that he has documented in that time are typified by the examples of Linda and Henry: Linda was systematically
School bullying and bullying as a whole has become a growing concern. The need for more intervention is more recognized, as incidents of bullying and inappropriate acts towards others occur in places outside of the classroom. This literature takes a closer look at bullying in schools. Olwesus (2013) states “the field of bullying research is to some extent plagued by problems, disagreements, and unresolved issues” (p.752). Whether if anyone will agree on the root of bullying, the fact remains that bullying has to be examined at its very core to remedy the matter before it becomes a bigger concern. There is a dire need for intervention based programs to be set in place to address the fact the act of bullying has lasting effects on the bully and the victim. When intervention programs are put into place to address bullying, the act of bullying decreases due to the gained understanding of the effects.
It is only in the recent years that attention has turned toward the widespread problem of bullying, especially in schools, and that bullying is identified as a serious problem that merits intervention and research (Coy). Therefore, relatively little effort has been made to overcome or address the problem, which still remains a widespread social vice. This paper purports to illustrate how, despite efforts made to rectify the situation, bullying still remains rampant, and is getting worse.
Thesis: Bullying in its many forms affects all people no matter age, gender, and class, but the effects can be very dangerous and very hurtful.