ITAA97 = Income Tax Assessment Act 1997
ITAA36 = Income Tax Assessment Act 1936
TAA = Taxation Administration Act 1953
GST Act = A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999
FBTAA = Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986
Week 1 - INTRODUCTION TO TAXATION & THE AUSTRALIAN TAXATION SYSTEM
Taxes - compulsory, unrequited payments to general government. Collected for the provision of social & merit goods.
1. Social goods - Joint consumption (use by 1 doesn’t reduce others) & Non-excludable (can’t effectively exclude anyone from access to good). E.g. fresh air, street lighting, knowledge, open source software.
2. Merit goods - provided on the basis of need and not ability to pay & positive externalities to society as a whole.
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* Fixed vs. circulating capital - Memorex Pty Ltd v FCT – Non-current computer assets sold at the end of lease = income not capital. * Sale of exclusive rights (patent/copyright) will be capital (but not always!) Evans Medical Supplies (capital) vs. Rolls Royce (income). * Restrictive Covenant: Agreement to not divulge information / not to work for competitor / not to operate in set radius etc. * Can be capital or income, depends on length of restriction * Evans Medical Supplies v Moriarty – medicine manufacturer taxpayer (who sold confidential information to government and got 100,000 pounds ) was receiving the amount as capital structure because it was out of ordinary business transactions. * Rolls Royce Pty v Jeffrey – Technical knowledge and training was sold to different countries to make engines. Regarded as income.
Gifts / Prizes – Mere gifts are not income * Hayes v FCT (1956) – Voluntary payment made by one party to another was mere gift. Presumption will be that gift is not income (unless it relates to income-making activity). * Scott (1966) - Gift made to solicitor by longstanding client. Unexpected. Friendship. Scott adequately renumerated for services. Several other gifts also made. Not ordinary income. * Stone v FCT 2003 - Stone was a police woman but also competed as a javelin thrower for which she had
Examples of gifts and payments include but are not limited to: meals, travel and travel accommodations, tickets to
B) An individual can inadvertently make a gift by underestimating a property's fair market value and selling it to a relative for a price below its fair market value.
2) An example of a good with an external cost includes A) Jess smoking near her non-smoking roommate. B) electricity generation that produces carbon dioxide emissions that contribute toward global warming. C) All of these are examples of mixed goods with external costs. D) noise pollution from aircraft.
1. This question addresses the effect of Microsoft’s software capitalization policy on its financial statements. Ignore any potential tax effects.
3. Pollution is considered by most a negative externality. Some economists would like to see the costs of these burdens incorporated into the price of goods that we buy. For instance, since coal fire power plants increase emissions that could potentially lead to climate change, these economists believe that the price we pay for electricity is not adequately high enough. Draw a completely labeled graph and illustrate on the graph how much higher electricity prices would be if the full costs of electricity production were taken into account. You do not need to provide actual numbers; rather, show on the
rates of each political government. When a political government sets the tax rate it is recorded in
This has caused most individuals to contribute to a productive economic system, seeking to do or make something that others will pay for, or they will work for an organization that makes products or provides services that are purchased and used by others. We have concluded that having the desire to have the
The meaning of gift in dictornary.com states that its something given voluntarily without payment in return, as to show favor toward someone, honor an occasion, or make a gesture of assistance. The meaning of gift has changed over time and people view gifts differently. However, to me the meaning of gift is being able to help people in way that can impact them in a positive way without having to give presents. Therefor, I thought of you Mrs. McNary.
The demand for products that provide benefit externalities is generally ________ the demand for products that do not. Marks:
Negative externalities are detrimental third-party effects caused by the production and/or consumption of a good. A public good is a good provided free of charge to the consumer, by the government. A public good is non-excludable and non-rivalrous. A merit good is a good that gives positive externalities upon production and/or consumption. A merit good is non-excludable, yet rivalrous.
has granted the community with life, food, shelter, and has provided them with the values, norms
(C) Externalities -- Companies produce some type of external cost that affects the community. The company would not voluntarily reduce or
Gifts that are a part of your regular expenditure out of income and which does not decrease your net income below the amount needed to maintain your normal living standard;
(ii) Government production at lower priceswe have a direct governmental influence on allocation because the government itself undertakes the responsibility of the production of the positive external good. supplies it at a lower price, in some cases free of charge