Lab Report

4. Compare and contrast the structure of a fungal mycelium with the structure of a filamentous alga.

At the beginning of the experiment, the samples had visible hyphae and black fruiting bodies, which appear to be visible in the re-infected fruit samples. Both the samples have distinct zones of mycelial growth and colonization. In the fruiting and productive zones both samples appear to have increased hyphae density. When samples are analyzed in the microscope they both have evident clusters of sporangia and conidia. When comparing the infect fruit samples it is clear that both the original and re-infected samples are quite similar results including signs and symptoms.

In our Biology Lab class, I was very excited to learn about different types of Native Oak trees and also I learned to differentiate trees that are not Native Oak. During the class, Professor Medinas gave us three small samples of a brunch which we had to look in the handout. In fact, the instructor put us in groups of four. Our job was to found the origins of these brunches, as well, we could be able to match only one in our handout. The common name is Pin Oak trees and the scientific name is Quercus Palustris, Sun P-S, Moist 60-80’ and was comments for Russett, bronze, red fall color. Moreover, during the class we had difficulties locating the origins of the rest of theses. Then, professor Medinas told us that we can go out and find out

To which division does each of your plant samples belong and why? [Nonvascular (Bryophytes), Seedless Vascular (Pteridophytes), Nonflowering Plants (Gymnosperms), or the Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)]?

Snaddon discovered the true importance of this fungus on a whim. He was studying the ferns, bromeliads, and other epiphytes in the rain forest. He was studying the same concept of leaves getting caught by other epiphytes, but

Five organisms closely related to the common mushroom are the Agaricus campestris, more commonly known as the meadow mushroom, the Agaricus arvensis, more commonly known at the horse mushroom, the Agaricus augustus, more commonly known as the prince mushroom, the Agaricus dulcidulus, more commonly known as the rosy wood mushroom, and the Agaricus moelleri, more commonly known as the inky mushroom.

3.4 Phylogenetic Analysis *a more detailed protocol can be found in Lab handout 9, (lab 9, 2017).*

Endosymbiosis is a compelling theory to the evolution of eukaryotic cells. As seen in the past with records of types of organisms that lived during a certain time period it can be seen that only bacteria that were prokaryotic existed. However later on eukaryotic cells with mitochondria or chloroplast cells were seen in nature. Back then the theory was not as widely accepted as is it today, but in recent years with the use of better technology examples of endosymbiosis has been discovered. An example of this would be the endosymbiosis that occurred in a lab by microbiologist Kwang Jeon. He had been studying amoebae when they were plagued by x-bacteria. This bacteria inserted itself into the cells causing a large quantity of the community to

F. verticillioides was first discovered in 1904 in Nebraska (USA). In 1935 Wollenweber and Reinking established the section Liseola based on the morphology of F. monoliforme Sheldon, F. lactis Pirotta and Riboni and F. neoceras Wollenw. and Reinking (Kvas et al., 2009). In 1945, Snyder and Hansen combined the three species under the name F. moniliforme as they felt that the characters Wollenweber and Reinking used were too unstable to separate the species (Snyder and Hansen, 1945; Kvas et al., 2009). Booth (1971) decided to separate F. subglutinans from F. moniliforme based on the morphology of their conidiogenous cells (Booth, 1971; Kvas et al., 2009). Nelson et al. (1983) divided Liseola further into F. anthophilum, F. proliferatum with the two that was already separated, F. moniliforme and F. subglutinans (Nelson et al., 1983; Kvas et al., 2009). After this split molecular, morphological and biological traits were used on a variety of Fusarium species and thus the Gibberella fujikuroi complex was established (Figure 2) (Kvas et al., 2009). F. verticillioides was one of the species that got separated from F. moniliforme during this time because it is heterothallic (Guo et al., 2015). Before 2013, F.

The presence of plants, animals, and fungi on various branches of the evolutionary tree shows that protista is not a natural grouping; that is,

Figure one is a correct representation of a phylogenetic tree. It is important to the article due to the fact that it is a visual that can be understood and compared to. The article focuses on the fact that phylogenetic trees are generally incorrect due to a wrong impression. For example, not at any time will a tree be read from “left to right” since there is no difference in whether a taxa is drawn on the left or the right side of the tree. The only important

It consisted of stomata and trichomes on both, upper and lower surface. SEM study of leaves showed anisocytic stomata with uniseriate or multicellular trichome with enlarged globose or elongated terminal cell in Boerhaavia diffusa, while paracytic stomata was observed in Trianthema and Sesuvium (Figures 2A-D). Epidermis was followed by mesophyll tissue. It revealed dorsiventral organization, comprising one-two stratum of palisade and about 3-4 layers of spongy tissue (Figures 2E, F; 3A-D). Length and width of the palisade varied in different plant species. They were measured from 50-72 mm length and 24-38 mm width in B. diffusa, and 33-48 mm length and 24-26 mm width in T.

In the Eukaryotic plant cell, Cell wall is mainly composed of major carbohydrates such as cellulose, pectin and hemi-cellulose, which is also known as polyose and some other components in lesser quantity. Like plant cell algae has a cell wall too, which is composed of either polysaccharides (cellulose) or glycoproteins or both. True fungi have cell wall composed of chitin, glucans and proteins.[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall#Algal_cell_walls] In this study I will shed light on some basic objectives studied through out this journey and then I 'll make a motion towards my experience with the strange unknown microorganisms. Before I started my research by getting to know my unknown specimens, all of our classes were given lectures to give us sufficient information on some of the objectives important to this study. Some of the primary objectives I have already covered in the above mentioned paragraph and some are coming next.

Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantaru first published the family Amaranthaceae in 1789. The first publication of family Chenopodiaceae was in 17989/99 by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in Tableau du Regne Vegetal translation of the earlier Genera Plantaru [17]. Several works have discussed the closeness of the families Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae. In previous studies, Amarantheceae was considered as a sister-group of Chenopodiaceae in the order Caryophyllales [18]. In the APG II system, of 2003, the Amaranthaceae family is placed in the order Caryophyllales. It includes the plants formerly treated as the family Chenopodiaceae [19]. The monophyly of this new, broadly defined Amaranthaceae is supported strongly by both morphological and phylogenetic analyses [11].

Plants are composed of lignocelluloses which are a combination of hemicelluloses (15-35%), cellulose (20-50%) and lignin (10-30%) on dry weight (Figure 1) .This chemical composition is different in dicots and monocots. Agricultural residues, energy crops (sugarcane and poplar), wood residues and municipal paper waste are abundant in lignocelluloses.