Lab Report Organometallic Reagent

The objective of this lab was to create a ketone through an oxidation reaction using a using a secondary alcohol and oxidizing agent in order to use that ketone in a reduction reaction with a specific reducing agent to determine the affect of that reducing agent on the diastereoselectivity of the product. In the first part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol was reacted with NaOCl, an oxidizing agent, and acetic acid to form 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. In the second part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone was reacted with a reducing agent, either NaBH4 in EtOH or Al(OiPr)3 in iPrOH, to form the product 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the cis:trans ratio of the OH relative to the tert-butyl group in the product formed from the reduction reaction with each reducing agent. Thin-layer chromatography was used in both the oxidation and reduction steps to ensure that each reaction ran to completion.

In this Crash Project, there will be two types of chemical equations being used in order to discover the following: The Murderer, The Murdered Victim, The compound that caused the crash, The passenger with the explosives, and the identity of the terrorist. The chemical equations is the Molecular Formula and the Empirical Formula. The Molecular Formula is a formula that identifies the amount of atoms present in a certain element in one molecule of a certain compound. On the other hand, the Empirical Formula is a formula that identifies the distribution of the elements present in a specific compound, rather than the actual amount of atoms in the compound.

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

All living things contain some form of organic macromolecules including: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. All of these organic molecules are alike in the sense that is they are made up of bonded elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and to smaller quantities nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The macromolecules each contain large long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and often consists of repeating smaller molecules bonded together in a repeating pattern (polymers). To test whether a specific solid white substance is a protein is simple due to the unique chains found in the respective type of macromolecule. To test if the substance is a carbohydrate, two tests could be performed on separate samples of the object. First,

6. Summarize in a few sentences the halogenation and controlled oxidation reactions of 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols.

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize the Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, and then use the manufactured Grignard reagent to synthesize the alcohol, triphenylmethanol, by reacting with benzophenone and protonation by H3O+. The triphenylmethanol was purified by recrystallization. The melting point, Infrared Spectroscopy, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR were used to characterize and confirm the recrystallized substance was triphenylmethanol.

When calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and phenol red are put into a bag and mixed up the type of reaction that occurs is a chemical reaction for the following reasons. Things that indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred are color change, formation of precipitate, formation of gas, and energy transfer in which three of them took place in the reaction of calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and phenol red. The three indicators in this experiment were: a color change, formation of gas, and an energy transfer

Recrystallization is a technique frequently used in organic chemistry to purify solid organic compounds. The goal of this technique is to allow organic compounds to form crystal lattice structures, and to remove any of the impurities that do not align within this crystal structure.1 The theory behind recrystallization revolves around entropy; as heat will cause a organic compound to dissolve (increase in entropy), a decrease in heat will then allow that organic compound to reform (decrease in entropy) and become purer.2

For this experiment, an organometallic reagent was used for the synthesis and isolation of benzoic acid. The Grignard reaction is the addition reaction of an organometallic reagent, which in this case was an organomagnesium reagent. An organometallic reagent is a carbon bonded to a metal. This reagent was combined with an electrophile, a carbonyl compound such as a ketone or aldehyde. Carbons are electrophilic when bound to a nonmetal thus the atoms are more electronegative than the carbon and metals are less electronegative than carbon.

Organometallic compounds, such as Grignard reagents, are molecules containing carbon-metal bonds and are often used to create new carbon-carbon bonds. Grignard reagents—or organomagnesims— are specifically those that have a carbon-magnesium bond.

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

The guiding question of this ADI lab was, “What are the identities of the unknown compounds?” The goal of this lab was to understand the relationships between moles and molar mass to find the identity of unknown compounds. The mole can be used to measure small amounts of a substance or is used to convert from unit to unit using dimensional analysis. One mole is equivalent to the molar mass in grams of that substance. If you start with the moles of an unknown substance, multiply it by a given compound’s molar mass, and then divide it by however many moles are in the compound of your choice, you will get the mass of the compound. With that answer you can then compare with mass of the compound in the bag to determine its identity. We first started

The aim of this experiment was to effectively carry out a Grignard reaction process that uses Grignard reagent to synthesize alcohol and creates a new carbon-carbon bond within the reaction. In this experiment, phenylmagenisum bromide is the Grignard reagent reacted with benzaldehyde to synthesize the final product, diphenylmethanol (alcohol) close to its 100 % theoretical yield. Diethyl ether solvent was used to keep away any water/moisture that could destroy the Grignard reagent and react to form a hydrocarbon instead of an alcohol. Therefore, experiment execution need a lot of precision and precautious to make sure that the apparatus used/reused as well as the reaction itself is dry and away from water or moisture.

The synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohol is the basis for this experiment, providing reactions with interesting contrast in mechanisms. Not only synthesizing, but extracting is another important procedure that involves quick actions and judgement, when removing unnecessary layers in a separatory funnel. This allows us to learn and grasp more of an understanding between organic compounds in the laboratory.

The organoselenium compound diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] has drawn attention in the last decades as a novel promising drug with antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in opposite, (PhSe)2 can also be toxic due, in part, to its ability to inhibit δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δALAD), an essential enzyme of heme biosynthesis. In order to get a better understanding of the toxicology of (PhSe)2 by δALAD inhibition at the molecular level, we performed theoretical quantum calculations related to the energies involved in the representative molecular model of the (PhSe)2 bound to δALAD. Within the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach (LDA/PWC and GGA/PW91 functionals), interaction energies for each amino acid residues from the