Through this experiment we have successfully cloned and expressed Crassostrea virginica homolog of hypoxia inducible factor-1. This transcription factor, Hif-1, has many unknown possible cellular signaling pathways. One possible pathway interaction is between Hif-1 and its role in apoptosis and cell cycle control, since one of the effect of hypoxia is cell death. In the apoptosis pathway, the tumor suppressor protein, p53, is inhibited via Mdm2. This pathway has not been fully determined yet in the eastern oyster, thus it is speculated that Hif-1α and p53 could interact directly or indirectly via Mdm2 (Schmid, 2004). Hif-1 and its control of cell cycle arrest can be evaluated using protein-protein interactions. In order to determine the actual pathway, the possible interaction of Hif-1 and Mdm2 can be tested for this indirect control of apoptosis. …show more content…
An antibody will be made for the GST-oyster Hif fusion protein. Thus, the beads coated with the immobilized antibody, will be used to bind the bait, GST-Crassostrea virginica Hif-1 fusion protein with the possible prey protein Mdm2. A negative control for the immunoprecipitation technique would use an aliquot of the synthesized GST-Crassostrea virginica Hif-1 fusion protein without the additive of cell lysate to ensure that the antibody is binding to the protein in the affinity column
The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in
My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its
What is its melting point? 1,405 K: 1,132 C: 2,070 F. boiling point? 4,404 K: 4,131 C: 7,468 F
Ionic compounds are soluble in water to a certain point depending on the compound. The level of solubility changes among different compounds. Some ionic compounds can completely dissolve in water and appear to be a homogeneous mixture. Although, some ionic compounds dissolve very little, and could be considered insoluble, since it does not dissolve fully. Depending on the compound, the level of solubility can be high or low. However, ionic compounds could dissolve to a certain degree. If the solution appears to be a heterogeneous mixture, many may assume through visual representation that it may be insoluble. As stated previously, the smallest amount of solubility should be considered. To confirm whether or not the substance is soluble, observe the efficiency when conducting electricity. Due to practical reasons, the slightest solubility could be considered insoluble by people.
In the LULC/Soil/Slope tool box, the last option is slope tab. User has to select to number of slope classes for the watershed. Two options are available to define the slope discretization in the slope definition tool box. First one is single slope and second one is multiple slopes. If user select single slope in the tool box, it creates slope range class 0-999%, if user selects multiple slopes, the tool allows to create 5 classes. For the kaddam watershed five slope classes has been selected in the tool box. The classes are 1) 0-5% 2) 5-10% 3) 10-15% 4) 15-35% and 5) 35-9999%. The slope map of the kaddam shown in the
This supports our hypothesis that the amplitude being adjusted doesn't effect the rate at which it swings. Now we move on to our question: Would mass be a factor? The first bob was replaced with something much smaller in weight. We returned the displacement back to 10 cms while keeping the length the same. We recorded the 10 periods and the average seems to be around the same approximate rate of 2.01. This debunks the theory of the pendulum being dependent on mass. Changing both the displacement and weight seems to not affect the rate in anyway.
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) virulence depends on the active transport of vesicles that contain melanin and capsule precursors, proteinases, and other macromolecules. We previously found that the Cn intersectin protein Cin1 regulates intracellular trafficking critical for growth and virulence and that Cin1-S isoform confers a marked survival advantage in the CNS of a murine model of cryptococcosis. In addition, we found that the expression of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) including small RNA (sRNA), mRNA, and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) was significantly differentiated among cin1, CIN1-S, and wild type stains. Further investigation of these observations could promote our understanding of Cn propensity for the host CNS and the virulence
Fig. 12 CXL10-/- mice are relatively protected against FFC-induced liver injury and inflammation. WT & CXCL10-/- mice were fed either chow or FFC-diet for 20 weeks. (A) Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. (C) Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and mRNA expression of surface macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD)68 was evaluated by real-time qPCR. (D) Assessment of macrophage infiltration in fixed liver tissue was done by immunohistochemistry using macrophage galactose-specific lectin (Mac-2) antibody. Bar columns represent mean ± S.E.M. *** P < .001, * P < .05 compared to WT chow-fed mice.
Measure the initial width, length, and thickness of the steel specimen using a Dial Caliper. Relieve pressure in Amatrol T9014 and adjust the height of the bottom platform to insert steel specimen. Insert one pin into the bottom platform to hold the steel specimen into the fixture. Slide two locking bars down the steel specimen. Adhere one locking bar to the bottom of the specimen and one at the top, lock them in place using the attached thumb screws. Insert the Linear Vernier Caliper in the top locking bar and zero out the caliper, allowing it to rest on the bottom locking bar. Compress the hydraulic cylinder until the indicator reads a force of zero. Lock the Linear Vernier Caliper in place by tightening the top thumb screw. [1] Compress
2. (5 pts) List and explain the names and affiliations of the various characters/stakeholders in this story – I’m looking for us to use the story to map out the complexities that are generally associated with solving public health puzzles – the stakeholders you list and explain here should apply to many of the cases we consider going forward.
The body is constantly trying to maintain homeostasis, or balance of the internal environment of an organism. The body does this by regulating many different substances in the body, a few includes water, sodium volume and plasma pH. The kidney regulates these three things. The kidney regulates water by producing urine which helps with excrete waste products, excess ions and excess water in the body. Using hormones the kidney excretes water and at the same time keep enough of it to. The kidneys also regulate the sodium volume in the body. This is especially important because sodium is necessary to avoid modification of the body’s sodium concentration causing disruption to normal cell function. The kidney regulates the sodium with the help of
Here we report that TRF2 transcriptionally regulates p21 expression. Our results show that this is through the engagement of the REST-CoREST-LSD1 repressor complex at the p21 promoter in a TRF2-dependent fashion. To the best or our knowledge this has not been reported before. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showing interaction of TRF2 with the histone modification factor lysine-specific demethylase LSD1 inside cells, and interaction of TRF2 with REST further supported role of TRF2 in occupancy of the repressor complex at the p21 promoter. Together, these resulted in rendering a repressive chromatin state at the p21 promoter. In other words, this suggested depletion of TRF2 levels would augment p21 activation upon
A group of scientists wanted to study the effects of the chemicals that leak out of plastics on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and green microalgae (Dunaliella tertiolecta). They tested it on these two organisms because they are predator and prey. The chemicals that they were measuring for were 40 nm PS anionic carboxylate (PS-COOH) and 50 nm cationic amino-modified (PS-NH 2). They were checking the toxicity and the growth inhibition on the brine shrimp and the microalgae. “Moreover, the expression of target genes (i.e. clap and cstb), having a role in the brine shrimp larval growth and molting, was measured in 48 h brine shrimp larvae. ”(Bergami, Pugnalini, Vannuccini, Manfra, Faleri, Savorelli, Dawson, Corsi) What was noticed was that the chemicals were absorbed into the microalgae and in the brine shrimp. This caused an inhabitation of algal growth (12.97 μg/ml) and a mortality in the brine shrimp (0.83 μg/ml). There was also a noticeable change in the clap and cstb genes that caused physiological alterations in the brine shrimp. The chemicals that leak from the plastics can affect the organisms that live in our ocean. What came out of
The main purpose of these experiments was introduce various techniques such as the use of separation, purification and extraction for each organic compound that was obtained. The first experiment was done on a compound which is commonly known as a triglyceride which contains three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone. The next experiment was done one a caffeine which is a hetercylic ring. However, this heterocyclic ring has all oxygens in the place of the carbons. The third eextraction was done on benzoic acid and acentanilide and the last experiment was done on acetic acid to purify an ester.
The speed at which ions exit a plasma is a critical parameter for the interpretation of plasma diagnostics, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) the design of plasma-based manufacturing devices, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 2 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) and plasma-material interactions in fusion experiments. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 3 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) It has recently been appreciated that plasmas consisting of multiple ion species are susceptible to ion-ion two-stream instabilities in the presheath and that these instabilities influence the flow speed of ions at the sheath edge. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed