• Explain The Processes Of Immunity, Immunisation And Exposure To Antigen

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them.

This is immunity in an organism that’s a result from the production of antibodies or lymphocytes after an antigen is identified in the body.

Active artificially acquired immunity is induced by a vaccine which is a substance that has antigens, the vaccine stimulates the primary response

Today, people do not really know how a vaccine works. For many illnesses, a person becomes immune once their body has fought off the infection. This is because the body can now fight the infection without suffering from

In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment.

The human immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that evolved to fight off infectious microbes. Much of the immune system’s work is carried

The immune system utilizes vaccination as a method of triggering the immune system. Small doses of an antigen, such as either a dead or a weakened live virus, are then given to activate immune system “memory” (activated B cells and sensitized T cells), Memory allows the human body to react quickly and efficiently to future exposures with the pathogen. Through the use of the specific immune system, the immune system will develop a defence against the invading virus.

A constant battle occurs between the cells in the body and the pathogens in the environment. As a result, humans have evolved a very complex immune system to protect against the pathogens. Some of the cells that make up the adaptive immune system are the T cells and B cells. They are the body’s defence against pathogens at a cellular level by recognising a range of features which may be present on a pathogen and are able to facilitate the destruction of the pathogen by binding to it. Additionally, the cells need to be able to identify a wide range of antigens and to produce a large response to the antigen when the correct antibody is produced(Chaplin, 2010). In this essay, the mechanism of T and C cell development will be investigated and the development of T cells and B cells will be compared and contrasted.

This learned defense system that it helps is known as the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is “a variety of protective measures which are continually functioning and provides a first-line of defense against pathogenic agents” (Clem). However, this section of our immune systems are not microbe specific, they are a generalized for all microorganisms that enter into our bodies. The innate system’s reaction includes skin, mucous membranes, normal body temperature, fever, inflammation, and a varying pH (Clem). On the other hand, the adaptive immune system is specific to pathogens, meaning the adaptive system has memory to rapidly respond to the pathogen if it invades the body a second time. The adaptive immune system includes B-cells, antibodies, and T-cells. The B-cells and antibodies are responsible for the humoral immunity which is responsible to recognize the invasion, mark the invaders, and beginning attacking. B-cells make the antibodies (Clem). The T-cells are responsible for regulating the immune responses. Vaccinations are first recognized by the innate immune system and then stimulate the adaptive immune response by introducing dead pathogens, the bacteria or virus, so that it can be ingested by white blood cells. These white blood cells stimulate the creation of antibodies to stop the invasion and mark them for “clean-up” (Clem). The function for vaccines is to introduce the immune system to the deadly diseases in a weakened form, instead of them becoming infected the normal way. Vaccines are important to help the immune system, without them the system has to learn to protect itself from dangerous pathogens by itself, leaving it vulnerable to these pathogens (Herlily,

- The body’s immune system detects the dead or weakened germ and the body responds as if it was a full blown infection leading to the creation of ALL defenses necessary to protect the body of this germ in the future.

Vaccines contains antigens that are found in the diseases themselves. When a vaccine is received, the body’s immune system reacts to the foreign substance by creating antibodies against the antigen. This process forces the body to have immunity against the illness.

Adaptive, or acquired, immunity refers to antigen-specific defence mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This is immunity develops throughout life.

This is called an immune response. Vaccination is an attempt to manipulate the immune system to provide protection from disease caused by a pathogen without subjecting the person to the actual disease. The cowpox virus was sufficiently similar to the smallpox virus that if an individual were exposed to cowpox, the person would develop antibodies that would subsequently attack and disable the smallpox virus. This basic principle discovered by Jenner over two hundred and fifty years ago is used today to develop the dozens of vaccines we take for granted.

The immune system performs specific defense against agents, the antigens that are foreign or harmful to the body. Exogenous antigens are often in contact with the skin or entering the airway, the digestive tube and the genital orifices and mucosae. They can also penetrate the circulation directly through wounds. The body has many defense mechanisms against foreign pathogenic agents. These mechanisms are divided into two groups: the specific mechanisms and the unspecific mechanisms. The specific mechanisms are part of the immune system and comprehend the humoral immune response and the cellular immune response that respectively produce antibodies and defense cells against specific antigens. The unspecific mechanisms fight in a general manner any type of antigen and in them a series of defense means are included, like the skin barrier against foreign agents, the mucous and ciliated epithelium of the airway, inflammation and the action of unspecific proteins and defense cells.