OLANREWAJU VICTOR FADARE
EHSM 5163
Week 7 Assignment
Question 1
A. Ans
• The outermost layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum corneum, it is water resistant and when not damaged, it protects the body from foreign substances such as bacteria, virus etc. it also ensures the protection of muscles, blood vessels, nerves and internal organs. The skin is also thicker in regions that requires more protection such as the sole of the feet and palms.
• It protects the body from ultraviolent rays from the sun due to the presence of melanin from melanocytes. This radiation can damage the DNA and lead to diseases such as cancer
B. Ans
• The dermis contains elastic and fibrous tissues such as fibrillin, collagen and elastin. These tissues gives
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Question 2. A. Ans
• Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes in direct contact with a substance, it causes the skin itching and skin inflammation in a particular region. B. Ans
• Irritant contact dermatitis occurs when the skin is damaged due to direct contact with chemical substances such as alkalis, acid, solvents etc. this is the most common type of contact dermatitis. People vary in sensitivity that is, some may react after a single exposure, while others maybe after several exposures and some may develop tolerance to the chemical substance over a period of time.
C. Ans
• Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when a person’s body immune system is sensitive to a substance, it causes an immune skin reaction. These substances include poison ivy, antibiotics, nickel (up to 10% of women are allergic to it) etc. allergic contact dermatitis develops over a period and once the person is allergic to a substance, the slightest contact amount causes reaction.
D.
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These substances includes aftershave lotions, coal tar, sunscreens etc.
• Contact dermatitis causes rash and itching. The itching is usually more when allergic but the rash depends on the level of reaction from mild to severe swellings. These rash affects only the areas in contact and can spread to other areas.
• Touching the blister fluid and rash would not affect other body parts or people that fail to come in contact with the substance.
• Irritant contact dermatitis causes more pain than itch as it causes direct damage to the skin
• Body fluids such as urine and saliva can cause irritation contact dermatitis to the skin
Question 3.
Ans
Psoriasis: This is a common, chronic and recurring skin disorder that changes and alters the life cycle of skin cells. It causes cells to accumulate quickly on the skin surface. The extra cells from the skin forms a thick, itchy, silvery scale and a red patch. It can appear at any part of the body such as the knee, scalp, elbow etc. it is treated with drugs applied to the skin, ingested and with ultraviolet radiation. This disease has affected about 1%-5% of the world population and it is more common to the light skinned people. Psoriasis may persist throughout a person’s life as it comes and goes but it is usually reduced during the summer period when the skin is exposed to ultraviolent radiation and flare ups are common during
A delayed adverse reaction is a type 4 reaction where there is delayed tissue damage (Potter and Perry, 1997). The delayed reaction can take up 24-48 hours to apprear (Potter and Perry, 1997). Signs and symptoms of a delayed reaction are contact dermatitis (Potter and Perry, 1997). Contact dermitis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction involving the skin (Potter and Perry, 1997). The person develops lesions with the first 48 hours (Potter and Perry, 1997). The first onset of the leison they become very red and inflamed and are just localised to one area where as atopic dermatis present with the same symptoms but are more widespread across the body (Potter and Perry,
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a classic murine model of allergic contact dermatitis, which is classified as one type of delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Over the last decade, the important roles of newly identified subsets of immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs), have been demonstrated. Moreover, the relevance of epidermal Langerhans cells as key antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous immune responses has been called into question. As a result, some key dogmas in the development of CHS have been challenged. In this review, we integrate recent advances into the classic view of CHS, and discuss the updated mechanisms of its development, with
Dermatitis is a common condition among people who are hypersensitive to some of the materials that are commonly used. Rashes may occur after using a body spray or soap that is not compatible with your skin. Even latex condoms can cause this. What you need to do first is to determine the thing that causes your rashes so that you can avoid using it. There are steroid creams that you can apply which you can buy over the counter too. If the rashes will not disappear after a month, you may need to seek a physician to get some help.
Skin sensitization: This is a method that determines if a chemical causes an allergic reaction. The chemical adjuvant is injected to boost the immune system. In the past it was performed on guinea pigs, and applied on a shaved patch of skin. Substances are assessed based on appearance of skin.
An allergy can be a number of conditions caused by a reaction of the immune system. Many people have allergic reactions to different things. Some have reactions to normal everyday outside pollens, grass, and even insect bites. Others have reactions to man-made materials, such as medications and latex, some may have reactions to certain cloth materials such as fleece or wool. Depending on your situation and what you are allergic to, depends on the type of treatment you should receive.
Sensitive skin is skin that is easily irritated and choosing the wrong skin cream can leave your skin looking inflamed and irritable. In some severe cases you can also end up with rashes, dermatitis and eczema. If this sounds like you then you need to be on your guard when looking for a good anti-aging product for your
Contact dermatitis -- the non-specific itching and redness you get from touching something that doesn't agree with your skin -- can arise from abrasive powders or chemical irritants as well. Talc and bismuth can't cause an allergic response, but they can irritate some especially sensitive skin. Test products before you apply them to your face and wear them all
In medical terminology, a skin rash is terme as dermatitis. Which simple means any inflammation of skin.
The skin lesions of urticarial disease are caused by an inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing leakage of capillaries in the dermis, and resulting in an edema which persists until the interstitial fluid is absorbed into the surrounding cells.
The difference between Dermatitis and Eczema is that dermatitis often begins with chapped hands which then progresses to red, scaly and itchy skin and can lead to blistered skin that cracks and weeps. This is caused by people doing frequent hand washing or exposure to solvents and chemicals that damage the skins protective barrier. They will then be prone to dermatitis.
contribute to skin homeostasis. Last but not least, the article mentions how anxiety or the feeling
There are two types of contact dermatitis namely allergic and irritant, the irritant contact dermatitis is triggered by the non-immune modulated irritant substance of the skin that spearheads skin vicissitudes while allergic contact dermatitis is a deferral hypersensitivity upshot with a foreign matter comes into skin interaction whereby the skin vicissitudes triggers with subject matter reexposure (Usatine & Riojas, 2010).
Allergic reactions, or hypersensitivity reactions, occur when the immune systems responds negatively to a normally harmless substance (Delves, 2017). The immune system works to defend the body against antigens, or foreign substances. In people with allergies, the immune system overreacts to a foreign substance, most commonly causing release of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (Delves, 2017). This antibody binds to basophils, a type of white blood cell, and cause them to release substances such as histamine, prostaglandin, and leukotrienes (Delves, 2017). This causes an allergic reaction, which can include swelling, rashes, itching, sneezing, and even more serious anaphylactic responses, which are life threatening.
Eye irritation is one of the commonest symptoms for eyelid dermatitis. This irritation might turn into serious form if you do not take special care.
Human skin is sensitive to certain kind of substances known as allergen and react when comes in contact with such substances. The problem is termed to be allergy. The sensitivity varies from person to person and allergen may not be same for every person. Almost any part of the body can be affected by allergy. An abnormal tissue reaction after exposure to an allergen causes allergy.