Determining g on an Incline
Lab #1
Theory: During the early part of the seventeenth century, Galileo experimentally examined the concept of acceleration. One of his goals was to measure the acceleration due to gravity, or the acceleration of freely falling objects. Unfortunately, his timing devices were not precise enough to measure the free fall time directly. He decided to “dilute” gravity by using fluids, inclined planes, and pendulums.
Galileo’s idea of diluting gravity using inclined planes worked like this: the acceleration of a rolling cart on an inclined plane is small, therefore is easy to measure; when the angle of the incline gets bigger, the acceleration will get bigger; by measuring the dependence of the acceleration on
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Using Vernier, we clicked collect while releasing the cart after motion detector starts to click. This was done moving the hand quickly out the path. Using logger pro, indicated which portion was to be used by dragging across the graph to indicate the starting and ending times. Then the linear button was clicked to perform the linear regression of the selected data. The Linear Button was used to determine the slope of the velocity vs. time graph, only using the portion of the data for times when the cart was freely rolling. We found the acceleration of the cart from the fitted line. Record the value in the data table. These steps where repeated 5 mores times. Measured the length of the incline, x which is the distance between the two points of the ramp. Measure the height, h, the height of the book(s). The last two measurements was used determine the angle of the incline. Raise the incline by placing a second book under the end. Adjust the book so that distance, x, is the same as the previous reading. Repeated these steps with 3, 4 and 5 books.
ANALYSIS DATA
The greater the incline and greater the height, the greater the acceleration of the cart. -This experiment measured the acceleration of a cart moving down a sloped track in order to find a relation between the acceleration of an object and the sine of the angle at which it is moving. There were three separate experimental stages, with the variable being the angle at which the
Throughout his tireless research, Galileo made a startling realization. While observing the earth’s tide Galileo deduced- using his
Technology during Galileo’s time was still quite primitive. His experiment which required him to drop objects from the leaning tower of Piza, would’ve have been very inaccurate. Therefore in an attempt to acquire accurate results, Galileo simplified his experiment by using a ramp.
1. Identification: In the 17th century, various fields of science began to advance. Isaac Newton combined the ideas of earlier scientists, and developed the concept of gravity.
Galileo was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens through his improved invention of the telescope. Through his telescope, Galileo made a series of discoveries. Galileo’s observations demolished among the traditional cosmology of what the universe seemed to be composed of. Not only did Galileo make astonishing discoveries, but he was also offered a new position from Grand Duke Cain II of Florence, as his court mathematician. During this time, Galileo was told that he could continue to discuss Copernicanism, as long as he would maintain everything as mathematical supposition, and not as facts. Due to the Inquisitions response, the church attacked the Copernican system since it threaten the Scripture and its’ entire conception of the universe. The new system rose'd much uncertainty that seemed as prudent to simply condemn it. In 1633, Galileo was found guilty of teaching the condemned Copernican system and was then forced to be placed under house arrest. He spent the remaining eight years of life studying mechanics. The principal of motion was the one of the problems that fell under the heading of mechanics. At the end, Galileo made two contributions to the problem of motion. He demonstrated by experimenting uniform force to accelerate
The aim of the experiment is to examine how the acceleration of the car differs when the angle of inclination of the ramp is amplified and to record and analyse findings.
The value of G, the universal gravitational constant, was not experimentally determined until until nearly a century later by Henry Cavendish using a torison balance. His instrument to determine the value of G included a light, rigid rod with two small lead spheres attached to the ends. The rod was suspended by a thin wire, and when the rod twisted, the torsion of the wire exerted a torsional force that was proportional to the angle of rotation of the rod. Cavendish was able to determine the gravitational force of attraction between the two masses. By measuring the masses, distance, and force, Cavendish
Galileo’s ambition pushed him to go further, and in the fall of 1609 he made the fateful decision to turn his telescope toward the heavens. Using his telescope to explore the universe, Galileo observed the moon and found Venus had phases like the moon, proving it rotated around the sun, which refuted the Aristotelian doctrine that the Earth was the center of the universe. He also discovered Jupiter had revolving moons that didn’t revolve around planet Earth. In 1613, he published his observations of sunspots, which also refuted Aristotelian doctrine that the sun was perfect.
The first cases of what would be considered properly using the Scientific Method can be found earlier, though, back in the studies of Galileo, early in the 17th century. He first observed that heavy objects gain speed as they fall. He then proposed, or hypothesized, that the rate of falling of massive objects was proportional to the distance that the object has fallen. Following the Scientific Method, he tested his hypothesis and found it to be false, since objects falling unequal distances do not fall in the same amount of time, as his hypothesis led to. Since his hypothesis failed, he made a new one, which proposed that the rate at which an object falls is directly proportional to the time the object has spent falling. This was tested by rolling balls down an inclined plane and calculating the speed and time values from those observations. Later, these experiments led to the discovery of the gravitational constant g, and a better understanding of the Scientific Method.
In 1604, Galileo discovered a law of free fall, which anticipated Newton’s First Law. This marked the beginning of his study of the heavens. After constructing his telescope, with a magnification of twenty, he applied himself to the stars. It was through his telescope that he first postulated that the moon had mountains and valleys, just like earth, stating that “The false and inveterate idea that the heavenly bodies are devoid of all mutation and alteration…the inalterability of the sky…If ‘corruption’ and ‘generation’ are discovered in the moon, why deny them to the sky? ” He also claimed that the Milky Way consisted of innumerable stars, undermining the idea of a finite universe, and that Jupiter possessed its own moons, weakening the argument that all things revolved around the earth. Galileo also established that the sun contained moving sunspots, which undid the theory of the sun’s supposed perfection. The Church only
He came to accept Copernicus’ views of heliocentricity and would spend a lifetime trying to fit pieces of the truth together in order to create a clearer image for society. He constantly encounter opposition about his views and worked under the unforgiving hand of the catholics (Ironic…..Unforgiving Christians). A lot of those who read his pieces found clarity in its contents, but it contradicted the Bible, and as such an internal acceptance of the its contents would have to suffice. Galileo's later works on motion were unlike any other seen before. This was due to a combination of his love for mechanics as well as his love for scientific enlightenment. As he could not accurately measuring instances in a raw setting, he created model from which he could derive accurate data. Prior to this, data was mainly collected through the observation of subjects in nature. Galileo’s process is still used today and would become a stepping stone for experimentation in the
Prior to Galileo’s time, the Greek and medieval mind, science was a kind of formalism, a means of coordinating data, which had no bearing on the ultimate reality of things. The point was to give order to complicated data, and all that mattered was the hypothesis that was simplest to understand and most convenient. Astronomy and mathematics were regarded as the playthings of intellectuals. They were accounted as having neither philosophical nor theological relevance. There was genuine puzzlement among Churchmen that they had to get involved in a quarrel over planetary orbits.
Galileo thought about the motion of a perfectly round ball placed on a titled surface free of external influences. The ball experiences an interaction on the falling slope that speeds it up and interaction on the rising slope that slows it down. Then, Galileo placed the ball on a level surface and nothing happened. So he explained that constant-speed, straight-line motion is just natural at-rest motion. This property of remaining at-rest or continuing to move in a straight-line at a constant speed is known as inertia.
Controlled Variable – Same amount of air resistant (stay in the same room), same surface of what the trolley is going to accelerate on, same trolley, have the string equally stretched out every time and same tick rate of the ticker timer. The controlled variable will be controlled to create a fair test.
A rightward moving rider gradually becomes an upward moving rider, then a leftward moving rider, then a downward moving rider, before finally becoming a rightward-moving rider once again. There is a continuing change in the direction of the rider as he/she will moves through the clothoid loop. A change in direction is one thing of an accelerating object. The rider also changes speed. As the rider begins to climb upward the loop, he/she begins to slow down. What we talked about suggests that an increase in height results in a decrease in kinetic energy and speed and a decrease in height results in an increase in kinetic energy and speed. So the rider experiences the greatest speeds at the bottom of the loop. The change in speed as the rider moves through the loop is the second part of acceleration which the riders experiences. A rider who moves through a circular loop with a constant speed, the acceleration is centripetal and towards the center of the circle. In this case of a rider moving through a noncircular loop at non-constant speed, the acceleration of the rider has two components. There is a component which is directed towards the center of the circle (ac) and relates itself to the direction change and the other component is directed tangent (at) to the track and relates itself to the car's change in speed. This tangential component would be
Though he was developing and testing his theories, Galileo was not exposed to mathematics but was intrigued in the subject after attending a geometry lecture. He then began to study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine since right before he earned his degree, the university cut him off due to unpaid funds. Returning to Florence, he lectured at the Florentine academy, where he studied and applied his new interests, and in 1586 he published an essay describing his invention of the hydrostatic balance, when fluid is at rest, which made his name known throughout Italy. With his other interest of philosophy, Galileo studied fine arts and received an instructer position in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence in 1588 where he met Cigoli, a painter, who applied Galileo’s astronomical observations in his painting. This led Galileo to expand his mentality to be more aesthetic.