Clo2 Residual Testing Method

increasing the waste of HCl. Water was also used to wash the vial to remove all solids

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the maximum absorbance of fast green, and the chlorophylls, also in the case of fast green create a concentration curve to determine an unknown substance. Each test will use the spectrophotometer.

Following the industrial revolution, societies across the world began to notice strange effects on individuals throughout certain local communities. Though toxicology was a relatively new and rudimentary practice at the time, scientists were able to trace these effects back to chemicals being exposed to industrial workers, their families, and nearby neighborhoods. Unfortunately, industry in the United States continued to expand with little regard for the effects on human health. As a result from this expansion the amount of chemicals released into the atmosphere skyrocketed continuously all the way to present day society. However, as industry expanded so did scientific technology, the understanding of chemicals, their exposure

The use of chlorine revolutionized pool sanitation and cleanliness in the early 1900s. While there have been large improvements in the construction of pools since the mid-twentieth century, the products available for sanitation and the policies regarding them remain mostly the same today. Chlorine is excellent at keeping bacteria levels down in pools, but there are still improvements to be made and caution must be used during pool maintenance. Chlorine can cause deterioration of the cornea and respiratory issues, including an increase in asthma among individuals who frequent indoor pools. Additionally, chlorinated water runoff from pools and hot tubs into waterways can be detrimental to wildlife, even at rates as low as 0.011 ppm (Olsen,

The hypothesis that an increase in algae concentration when exposed to light would increase the rate of photosynthesis in diluted indicator solution was supported by the results of this investigation. As Table 1. Indicates the pH levels and absorbance (AU) increased in respects to an increase in algae concentration when the algae was exposed to light. However when an equal amount of algae concentration was not exposed to light the absorbance and pH levels of the algae was lower, therefore indicating that light and algae concentration increased the rate of photosynthesis in algae. Figure 1. also demonstrates that the mean absorbance of algae increased with an increase of pH levels and therefore increased the rate of photosynthesis occurring in the algae.

After the list of chemicals was composed, individual chronic indices (CIs) were calculated for each emission. To narrow the scope of the study, carcinogenic chemicals disposed only in water and air are considered.

I chose this project because I am a competitive swimmer and I have been swimming for the past ten and a half years. I wanted to find out how much chlorine remains in a pool each day after chlorination. I am interested to see how much residual chlorine is left and the range in which there appears skin irritation and red eyes because I have experienced the red eyes and itchy skin due to over chlorination.

It was tested to make sure that these substances are below what is deemed acceptable in the United States for aesthetic and health effects. This is called the “reduction claims for organic chemicals included by chloroform surrogate testing”

The city of Stockton’s water cleaning company uses “chloramines which are not as chemically active as chlorine” to filter their tap water system (recordnet.com). However, due to the drought and lack of water many of the chloramines compounded together and became toxic. Moving on, Chloramine is a compound made up of very low concentration of chlorine and ammonia. However, large quantity of chloramine can be harmful since the chlorine can compound onto each other, which develops trichloramine (recordnet.com). Trichloramine can cause redness in the eye, irritation of the skin, and if ingested in large quantity, the respiratory system can be damaged. Moving on, the water contamination in Stockton effects all the residents in North Stockton only. Despite that the water contamination is only in North Stockton, the residents are taking precaution to using their tap water due to the unsure effects of ingesting the contaminated

Another beaker with a water sample but without activated carbon will be the control. After one week of the samples’ exposure to the activated carbon, data will be collected by measuring the light from the dye absorbed by the activated carbon using a spectrophotometer and the program Logger Pro 3Ⓡ. This process will be repeated with the other dye, Dylon. Each graph in this experiment displayed on Logger Pro 3Ⓡ will show the wavelength of light of the sample in nanometers on the x-axis and the absorbance of light on the y-axis This data can be converted to concentration by use of a Beer-Lambert plot. The data will be taken at the wavelength at which each dye in a water sample showed the highest absorbance, or lmax. This is determined by measuring two water samples using the spectrophotometer, one with each dye, and looking at the highest point in each graph once the dyes have been diluted enough to be in the measurable range of the spectrophotometer. The time between exposing the carbon to the water samples, grams of activated carbon per beaker, concentration of each type of dye, and materials will be kept

Chartier, K.G., Scott, D.M., Wall, T.L., Covault, J., Karriker-Jaffe, K.J., Mills, B.A. Luczak, S.E., Caetano, R., & Arroyo, J.A. (2014).

By using acid-base titration, we determined the suitability of phenolphthalein and methyl red as acid base indicators. We found that the equivalence point of the titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide was not within the ph range of phenolphthalein's color range. The titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide resulted in an equivalence point out of the range of methyl red. And the titration of ammonia with hydrochloric acid had an equivalence point that was also out of the range of phenolphthalein.. The methyl red indicator and the phenolphthalein indicator were unsuitable because their pH ranges for their color changes did not cover the equivalence points of the trials in which they were used. However, the

5ppm of chlorine produces eye irritation, headaches; throat irritation can occur at 5-15ppm, 30ppm produces immediate chest pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and cough. 40-60ppm produces toxic pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. 430ppm always causes death within 30minutes and 1,000ppm is fatal within minutes. However the factors which are affecting the amount of organ exposure are structural barriers which show that only certain organs chlorine affects and not the whole system. As we look at genetics chlorine does not seem to affect the human reproductive system but in rats it killed them after 20 days and the foetuses were examined however having improper orientation of the heart tissues and other systems.

As you all know, tap water contains chlorine. However, what you don’t know is, how chlorine affects your health.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) is regarded as one of the major sources of this environmental contamination and adding to the drinking water contaminant candidate list toxic chemicals, such as high water solubility, mobility, considerable stability and persistence [1,2]. The existence of perchlorate in the environment represents a potential negative effect on human health who consumes water containing perchlorate, which can interferes with ability of the thyroid gland to utilize iodine to produce thyroid hormones. These effects, caused to abnormalities in child development and the thyroid cancer. Moreover, Perchlorate ions have also been posing the greatest threat in the drinking water of expectant mothers, children under 12 years and persons with malfunctioning