American Pageant Chapter 3

England governed its colonies loosely before 1660, but after 1660, when the monarch was brought back, England tried to reinforce order in the colonies and allied with Native Americans to fight against other European countries.

While in a time of the English Church being under the control of the Catholic Church and Pope in Rome, King Henry VIII claimed the power of controlling the whole English Church through the Act of Supremacy. This caused for any that are still supporting the Pope and the power of the Catholic Church to be destroyed in the King’s eyes, especially monasteries. With the country no longer under the Catholic rule, it soon became a Protestant country.

Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517. It contained a series of 95 complaints that the once monk had with the church. He was steadfast in his efforts to get the church to change. Even refusing to repeal his complaints when threatened with excommunication.

The Reformation, originated in the early 1500s by the German Martin Luther, who preached salvation by faith alone. Luther kept his faith under his hat until 1517,

The English Reformation was a phenomenon that took place in the 16th century. Puritans living in England were facing “religious persecution” the state religion at the time was the Church of England. The Puritans believed that traveling to and inhabiting New England would not only grant them

What were the French, Dutch, and Spanish empires like in the seventeenth century? It is always interesting to see the many differences, and similarities, between peoples. If someone would want to compare these colonies, that person would need to look at the political, economic, and religious backgrounds of all of these colonies. All of these empires have a lot of similarities. French , like some of the other colonists, went to the New World to find gold, but the French also went to the New World the find a NorthWest passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, which they did not find . When the French colonists first arrived, North America did not look good for settlement and exploration, and the first settlements in NewFoundLand and Nova Scotia were unsuccessful because of poor financial planning and conflicts with Indians. In New France, they had a small white population and took little land,unlike the Spanish. Because the French had a more diplomatic way of doing things, they had good relations and alliances (which they needed because of the

13.William and Mary- King James’ Catholic reign ended when they came to throne in England as Protestants, pleasing Puritans as protestants only could be office-holders.

A tiny group of Puritans, called the Separatists, vowed to break away from the Church of England, but King James I, who was head of both state and church in England from 1603-1625, threatened to harass them off the land because he perceived that they would eventually rebel against him.

1. John Wycliffe- English philosopher, theologian, preacher, translator, reformer, and teacher at Oxford a. Gained his fame as a reformer not through teaching or preaching, but through Church politics. Translated the Bible to English with the help of his followers, called the Lollards.

Leader of around 1,000 Puritans who set out for North America in 1630. Winthrop and his fellow Puritans were convinced that they were travelling to North America in order to carry out a divine task. He carried with him instructions from England to convert the natives to the Christian faith and to train every man in the use of firearms.

Martin Luther: German friar who believed that only the Bible was God’s word and started Protestant Reformation

New Netherlands was established ,originally, as a trade post. As a direct result of the post there was a level of tolerance that was necessary. It was this level of tolerance that shaped the way we ,should, behave today. The trading post lead to a decidedly corporate character, making growth difficult. Once the nation was developed ,greatly at the hand of the West Indian Company, the government was run predominantly by figures of that company. They controlled trade with the mother

Several contemporary historians have concluded that Dutch imperialism 'was of an accidental...variety and displayed a more 'informal character' than the combative imperial adventures into pristine territory of other European nations in the late nineteenth century'. Dutch imperialism was mainly motivated by commercial interests, and the colonies that it did hold were formed with an economical mindset. The Dutch empire was formed from its political control in the Netherlands and through the efficiency of the Dutch East India Company. Furthermore the Dutch were invested in a protracted war against Spain in order to maintain their independence. Finally, the Dutch Netherlands were not only the commercial centre of Europe but also held a part in

“Unless I am convinced by proofs from scriptures or by plain and clear reasons and arguments, I can and will not retract anything I have written, for it is neither safe nor wise to do anything against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther stated these words in 1521 when he was asked whether he still believed what his works taught. The Protestant Reformation was a movement during the 16th century, which aimed to reform some beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The reformation was led by a German monk named Martin Luther and was further modified by John Calvin, a French theologian and Henry VIII, the king of England. The ideas bought forward by these individuals started the Protestant Reformation, which triggered wars, prosecutions and the Counter-Reformation.

Martin Luther and John Calvin were both leaders in the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther was a monk, or priest, in the Augustinian friars’ order and his ideals were that Catholicism were corrupting the New Testament beliefs and people were saved by faith alone not by buying their way into heaven. John Calvin studied law “but in 1533 he experienced a religious crisis, as a result of which he converted from Catholicism to Protestantism. Calvin believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church” (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 448). “The cornerstone of Calvin’s theology was his belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity” (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 448).