Allergic Rhinitis, Bronchial Asthma

Steele, P. (2016) Clinical Immunology Module 3. Lecture 1: Hypersensitivity. (PowerPoint slides: Narration) Retrieved from University of Cincinnati Immunology Blackboard: https://canopy.uc.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/2168-F_35MLSC3053001/16US_MLSC3053001_ImportedContent_20160413040126/Handouts/Mod3_Lecture1_Hypersensitivity.pdf.

Figure 1 shows a flow cytometric analysis of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+. For this test cells were incubated with human antibodies to CD4 and human antibodies to CD25. PE-Cy5 conjugated rat IgG2a antibodies were used as the control. The effects of the allergens on the Treg cells found in the PBMCs of both study groups were clear. When there was allergen stimulation, Treg cells were significantly lower in atopic and non-atopic NP patients in comparison to the control group which has much higher Treg. In rating, the control group had the best response to the allergen concerning Treg cells, then the non-atopic NP patients, but the atopic NP patients had a much lower Treg percentage than the non-atopic patients. In atopic patients, stimulation of the PBMCs with HDM+PHA showed signs of significantly decreased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and Treg cells in comparison to PBMCs that were stimulated with just the PHA. The control group showed an increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and Treg cells in both stimulated PBMCs.

Pollen is the main culprit behind allergic rhinitis, but it could be caused by other things too, such as cat dander. If you don't know what causes your symptoms, consider being tested by an allergist so you know what you need to avoid. You won't be able to avoid pollen entirely,

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition which affects the membrane lining of the nose; causing it to become sensitive to allergens such as pollen, dust and animal dander. During AR, antigens bind with immunoglobulin E (IgE) to form an antigen-antibody complex which then attach themselves to the surface of nasal mast cells; inducing a cascade of cellular events leading to mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine via exocytosis. The release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators on blood vessel and nerve endings results in the symptoms of AR such as sneezing, itching and nasal discharge (rhinorrhoea). AR which occurs the same time every year is known as seasonal AR or more commonly known as “hay fever”. Avoiding causative allergens is essential in the management of the symptoms of AR; however, drug treatment is used to alleviate and control its symptoms. This evaluation will focus on the use of H1 anti-histamines, corticosteroids and IgE therapy in the treatment and management of seasonal AR. (ARIA, 2008)

A single mast cell can be coated with different types of IgE antibodies, each of which bind to a different allergen.1 When an allergen trigger enters the body it is detected by the IgE antibodies, which then triggers the release of histamine from the mast cells.1 In addition to histamine, a slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is also released, which “induces prolonged and profound contraction of smooth muscle, especially of the respiratory airways”.1 Hence, the mast cells release chemicals that characterise the immediate hypersensitivity

5) Asthma is chronic obstructive lung conditions that is condemned of triggers and attacks. Since we now know that asthma has many triggers and causes, well in response to coming in contact with its trigger the mast cells of the immune system, which are found in loose connective tissue, are responsible for releasing vasoactive which are action on vessels, chemical mediators, including histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, cytokines and prostaglandins. Chemotactic (produces specific cell movement) chemical mediators released from the mast cells cause neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils to infiltrate the cells of the bronchial lining. These target the respiratory system and cause bronchoconstriction, vascular congestion, vasodilation, increases in capillary permeability, mucosal edema, impaired mucociliary action (removal of mucus and contaminants within the bronchial tree by movement of the cilia inside the bronchioles), and increased mucus production, which leads to an increase in airway resistance. These pathophysiologic factors produce the typical clinical presentation of asthma. (Allergic Asthma and Rhinitis Comorbidity, P.

These are seasonal because they usually occur during the same season every year. They may be a reaction to molds, grass pollens, or tree pollens. Other causes of problems are house dust mite allergens, pet dander, and mold spores. The symptoms often consist of nasal congestion, a runny itchy nose associated with sneezing, and tearing itchy eyes. There is often an associated itching of the mouth and ears. The problems happen when you come in contact with pollens and other allergens. Allergens are the particles in the air that the body reacts to with an allergic reaction. This causes you to release allergic antibodies. Through a chain of events, these eventually cause you to release histamine into the blood stream. Although it is meant to be protective to the body, it is this release that causes your discomfort. This is why you were given anti-histamines to feel better. If you are unable to pinpoint the offending allergen, it may be determined by skin or blood testing. Allergies cannot be cured but can be controlled with

When an allergen enters the body, the immune system is alerted and reacts. It is attempting to protect the body from a substance believed to be harmful. Large amounts of immunoglobulin E antibodies are produced to the allergen. Histamine is released causing allergic symptoms, like itching skin or eyes and a runny nose.

S., Church, M. K., & Scadding, G. K. (2016). Allergic rhinitis: impact, diagnosis, treatment and management. Clinical Pharmacist, Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/review-article/allergic-rhinitis-impact-diagnosis-treatment-and-management/20201509.article#fn_1

The epidemiology of non-allergic rhinitis is one-third that of allergic rhinitis, which affects 7% of 20 million people in the U.S. population and is developed in individuals after 20 years of age. (Settipane, & Kaliner, 2013). The pathophysiology of non-allergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system, but is said to be heterogeneous and is widely diverse with symptoms that are triggered by other underlying chronic illnesses, certain foods, strong odors, perfume, alcohol and, weather changes (AAAAI,

The use of animal models of asthma has dramatically increased our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of allergic asthma. The importance of Th2 cytokines have been highlighted by numerous studies in mice. Specifically, Th2 lymphocytes produce various proinflammatory cytokines that have important roles in the development of allergic asthma, including a unique profile of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13. What’s more, they can also induce secretion of allergen‑specifc immunoglobulin (Ig) E, chemokines , and eosinophils, as well as mucus production.

When starting immunotherapy, the physician must select the appropriate allergen extracts to use based on the clinical history, allergy exposure history, and the results from the IgE antibodies. The physician needs to take into consideration the cross-reactivity of allergen extracts and the potential for allergen degradation caused by proteolysis enzymes. The serums can be comprised of multiple allergenic and non-allergenic macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins; and low-molecular-weight compounds including pigments and salts. The breakdown of the allergen is slowed down by keeping the serum in the fridge and the serum is given an expiration date of about six months. A starting immunotherapy is given, target maintenance dose, and immunotherapy is determined by

For example i have an allergic reaction to dog dander when it is near me. I will brake out in hives and my thorat will swell up.

Pollen is a fine powder that is discharged from male seeded plants. Often reactions to pollen are seasonal. Another terminology for, pollen allergies is “hay fever.” I get hay fever at least three times a month from people mowing grass. Food allergies are dangerous or unpleasant immune system reactions after consuming a certain type of food. I am allergic to peanuts. So, whenever I eat, I must make sure I don’t consume anything with peanuts.

When a person prone to allergies is exposed to an allergen, the immune system reacts in a hypersensitive manner. The person has a number of symptoms, including scratchy throat, itch and watery eyes, sore throat, blocked or running nose and so on. He can also have breathing problems, irritations in the esophagus and rashes in the skin.