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STAT 1430 Recitation 2 Experiments and Organizing Data Part 1: Experiments Suppose we want to study and compare the volume of popcorn produced by two brands of microwave popcorn. We will take 30 bags of popcorn of brand A and 30 bags of brand B and cook them various amounts of time in a random order in the same microwave. At the end, the volume of popcorn produced will be measured and recorded. 1. What is the factor (independent variable) in this experiment? a. Brand of popcorn b. Cooking time c. Volume of popcorn produced d. None of the above 2. What is the response (dependent variable) in this experiment? a. Brand of popcorn b. Cooking time c. Volume of popcorn produced d. None of the above 3. What could be a confounding variable in this experiment? (The definition is in your notes if you need it.) List one and justify. Having 2 different brands throws off the experiment since we don’t know how each brand differs in portion size. For example, brand A could be 2 times bigger in portion compared to brand B. The amount of popcorn should be measured prior to putting it in the microwave, and of course after taking it out of the microwave. 4. What other conditions do you think would need to be controlled in order for this to be a good experiment? The amount of popcorn should be the same in both brands. We don’t know if Brand A and Brand B have the same amount of popcorn kernels so measuring the amount of kernels before and keeping it constant should be controlled. 5. The personnel director at a large company studied the eating habits of the company’s employees. The director noted whether employees brought their own lunches to work, ate at the company cafeteria, or went out to lunch. The goal of the study was to improve the food service at the company cafeteria. What type of study is this? a. Observational study b. Experiment 6. A doctor collects data on 200 of her patients who come in every year for their annual physicals. After 10 years, she compares the health status of the smokers to nonsmokers. What type of study is this? a. Observational study b. Experiment

STAT 1430 Recitation 2 Experiments and Organizing Data 7. To help students perform better on the SAT, a private organization develops a study guide. To see if the guide is effective, they randomly sample 100 students: 50 students are randomly chosen to use the study guide, and the other 50 do not. At the end of the study, the SAT score is recorded. What is the response variable? a. Study guide: yes or no b. SAT score c. The sample of 100 students 8. To see if aspirin reduces the rate of heart attacks, a drug researcher randomly samples a total of 40 people. They randomly assign 20 people to take an aspirin each day and 20 people to take a fake pill each day. Then after a year they look to see whether or not each person had a heart attack during that year. They explore the data to see if there is a relationship between taking aspirin and having a heart attack. This is an: a. Observational study b. Experiment 9. According to our lecture notes, a well-designed experiment has which of the following 3 characteristics? Circle ALL that APPLY. a. Randomization of subjects to treatments b. Comparison of the results from different groups c. Plenty of confounding variables 10. Suppose you give 10 people a taste test where they each try samples of two different brands of soda. You randomize the order in which the soda samples are given to the participants. After drinking both samples they tell you which soda they liked best. What is a/the factor in this experiment? a. Number of participants b. Brands of soda c. The order in which the samples were given to the participants. d. Which soda the participant liked best. For the remaining problems in this section, use the following information: Bob wants to see if drinking caffeine in your water can keep you awake longer. He finds 60 volunteers for his study. He fills 120 stainless steel bottles with water. In half the bottles he places 48 milligrams of caffeine (about as much as in a Diet Coke). You cannot taste the caffeine. He randomly assigns 10 students to drink 1 bottle of regular water at 8pm; 10 students to drink 1 bottle of caffeinated water at 8pm; 10 students to drink 2 bottles of regular water at 8 and 9 pm; 10 students to drink 2 bottles of caffeinated water at 8 and 9 pm; 10 students to drink 3 bottles of regular water at 8pm, 9pm, and 10pm; and 10 students to drink 3 bottles of caffeinated water at 8, 9, and 10 pm. No one knows which subject got which treatment. He watches the volunteers and records the times that they fall asleep and compares the sleep times for all the groups.

STAT 1430 Recitation 2 Experiments and Organizing Data 11. What is the independent variable in this study? Be careful. Amount of Caffeine Consumed and amount of water bottles consumed 12. How many treatment groups are there (count the control groups in this.) 6 groups 13. What is the response variable? Sleep times 14. Evaluate this experiment in terms of the 3 criteria listed in your lecture notes: (List the criteria first, then give your opinion.) O N E: Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals -Bob gets involved by adding 48 milligrams of caffeine to half the water bottles TWO: Observes their responses - Bob doesn’t get involved after randomly assigning the water bottles to the volunteers THREE: Avoids bias/minimizes it - Bob doesn’t tell the volunteers which treatment they are getting, and they are unable to taste the caffeine 15. List at least one confounding variable in this study. Pre existing Melatonin Levels in subject could lead to a difference in sleeping times. Part 2: Organizing Data 1. In general, can you recreate the original data values from its histogram? a. Yes b. N o 2. We know that if a histogram is skewed left, then the mean is less than the median. This is because: a. There are a few small values in the data set compared to the rest. b. There are a few large values in the data set compared to the rest. 3. Suppose an exam is 48 minutes long and most of the students stayed until the very end although there were a few students who finished early. You collect data on how much time each student spent taking the exam and make a histogram. The shape of the histogram will be what? (Hint: DRAW A PICTURE) a. Skewed left b. Skewed right

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