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Name: David VanDyke Date: Graded Assignment Chapter 16 Short Answer Total Score: 40 points Questions (Score for Question 1: _____ of 10 points) 1. Give an example of a highly stressful circumstance that you have experienced (or you may create a fictitious scenario) and discuss the various physiological changes that would occur at each stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome as a result of that event. Benny is about to jump out of a plane to go skydiving for the first time. As seen by Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, Benny will first experience alarm when he jumps out into sky and becomes fearful. This will include the fight-or-flight reaction where Benny experience increased adrenaline. This adrenaline will likely continue to come at a higher rate until Benny reaches the ground when he will reach the resistance stage. In this stage his body will release lower amount of cortisol and he will begin to have a normalized heart rate and blood pressure. The next stage Benny will face is the exhaustion stage, this is more typical of prolonged stress, but Benny will likely face some exhaustion as his body tries to get back to where it was before. (Score for Question 2: _____ of 10 points) 2. Describe the process by which excess cortisol can accumulate in the bloodstream due to chronic stress, after its release by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. What are some of the adverse health effects of excess cortisol? Cortisol can accumulate in the bloodstream due to its release by the HPA axis. This happens when the HPA axis is activated due to some form of stress. As opposed to the SAM system which responds to short term stressors, the HPA axis takes longer to activate and lasts longer as well. When the HPA is activated then it pumps more cortisol into the bloodstream, this in turn boosts the energy available for dealing with stress. However, the increased Cortisol can have adverse health effects such as suppressing the immune system, and the death of neurons. (Score for Question 3: _____ of 10 points) 3. Discuss three types of coping.

Problem-focused coping: This type of coping is based on a problem along with a solution. This is associated with work/school-related stressors. This type of coping hits the head of the nail and gets right to the heart of the issue. Emotion-focused coping: Emotion-focused coping looks into negative emotions associated with a stressor. These can happen upon feeling sad or discouraged. Coping with these types of problems can either lead to negative or positive emotion focused coping. An example of positive coping could be enjoying a fun time with friends, whereas a negative coping mechanism could be consuming alcohol. Relationship-focused coping : In this type of coping one can maintain a relationship in the face of stress. This can be seen by the relationships experienced by hospitalized patients and stressful and empathetic responses that are elicited. (Score for Question 4: _____ of 10 points) 4. Many people start smoking and/or drinking alcohol as teenagers. Choose either drinking or smoking as an example and explain why this age is a particularly vulnerable time to initiate these behaviors. Develop a behavioral intervention for a teenager who has a problem with excess smoking or drinking. Drinking at a young age is a particularly vulnerable time for many kids. This is because the earlier one starts to drink the earlier their body creates a genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. The is especially a problem for children who are maltreated as children, as many become lifelong drinkers. In order to intervene with these kids, you must first help the kid to understand they have a problem that needs to be fixed. Once they accept the problem, medical supervision should be present because of withdrawal symptoms.

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