work for phil 2020 quarantine

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St. John's University *

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MISC

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Philosophy

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Adam McGowan X03506367 1) Explain ae) why “ideas are like colds”; b) why is it bad that they are like colds (or, better said, why is it not ideal even if it can’t be helped); c) how might studying philosophy remedy this? Ideas can be like colds in that they can be contagious, and also that they can appear at any moment, both a negative and a positive thing. It can be a negative thing when comparing ideas to colds, in that the ideas are not always positive, or helpful, and that wouldn’t change the fact that the cold is still contagious. The ideas can appear at any time, regardless of the nature of the idea, a dangerous thing to have in any time. Studying philosophy can help give your mind a better outlook and change those negative ideas to ideas with more substance and thought process, no longer being inherently good or bad, but just a thought process. 2) Explain the three recommended criteria or the proposed 3 Cs for evaluating a philosophy (WL pp. xxviii-xxxi) The three criteria are that; Humans try to understand the most basic structures of the human experience in order to come to conclusions that are conceptually clear, experimentally confirmed, and rationally coherent. This can be further explained as humans trying to come to an understanding of our existence with an answer that is clear and understandable, able to be confirmed through a test or a type of activity, and simply make sense. 3) What question should you ask yourself to determine whether there is an argument (at all) in what you are reading or there is none? (GM) We should ask ourselves if the argumentative point has premises or logical truths that can be confirmed. 4) Some of the following are arguments and some are not. Write ‘A’ or ‘not A’ at the end of each statement: (Apply what you learned from Instructor’s notes on ‘Critical Thinking’. Remember that you are not being asked if these are arguments or not. You are not being asked to evaluate those that are arguments. You are not being asked to respond either. Stick to the very basic instruction.) a) “This is trivial or nothing: a snail climbing a trellis of leaves and the blue trumpets of its flowers. Oh, softest of mornings, how shall I break away from this? How shall I move away from the snail, and the flowers? How shall I go on, with my introspective and ambitious life? NOT A b) (A driver speaks to a cop:) The accident was not my fault. How could it be? She hit me from the rear. Anytime you get rear-ended in the road, it’s not your fault. A

Adam McGowan X03506367 c) “The sky is blue because sunlight is refracted through the air in such way that other wavelengths of light are diminished.” NOT A d) “America should consider conducting all-male military education and training. Effective combat requires an absolute and total focus on killing or capturing. It is a business that does not permit distraction. The training designed to place males in the line of fire should not be diluted by distractions due to the presence of women. We may pay a higher price for sacrificing effective combat training on the altar of women’s rights.” A e) “To live in a house, a home, an apartment, a room or other similar place in New York State for 90 days is considered "presumptive evidence" that you are a resident of New York State. A police officer can use this as evidence to issue a traffic ticket if you drive in New York State without a New York State driver license or vehicle registration.” NOT A 5) Arguments are made up of ‘premises’ and a ‘conclusion’. Go back to the question before this. In the items that you recognized as ‘arguments’ highlight the statement that expresses the ‘conclusion.’ (GM) 6) Give three of your own examples of descriptive claims and three of your own examples of normative/prescriptive judgments. (GM) Descriptive claims Oxygen is what allows us to breath and is necessary for life as human beings. In order to do anything in life, whether it be passing a class, or getting out of bed, you have to do some sort of work. When writing a paper, good grammar is imperative to get a good grade. Normative/prescriptive judgments If you spend a lot of time studying and working on school related activities, it is reasonable to say that you are very studious. If you read the wrong information on a subject, you will have the wrong information and be incorrect on anything about the subject. Doing the wrong thing for the right reasons doesn’t cancel out the fact that you did a wrong thing. 7) What is meant by: a) deductively valid argument, An argument that doesn’t have to be sound, as long as the premises of it support the

Adam McGowan X03506367 conclusion b) sound argument, An argument that is a good deductive argument, and has all the premises clear and plausible. c) inductively strong argument , An argument that has excellent leading points and strongly agrees with the points of the discussion d) cogent argument, An argument that is all fact and all true, with no room for falseness (WL and GM) 8) What two questions could we ask to avoid the fallacy (or faulty kind of reasoning) called “begging the question.” We can ask what the argument is, and ask what the main parts of the argument are 9) How can one commit the “strawman fallacy” when critically evaluating a philosopher? (GM—Instructor’s Notes and Videos). It is possible to commit the strawman fallacy by taking the concepts and beliefs that the philosopher had and created and making them small and oversimplifying them, making it seem as though their philosophy and life’s work can be done in a couple sentences.

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