FINAL_LABS_BIOS255_Labs_BIOS_255_Week_3_Blood_Vessels_
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BIOS255 Week 3 Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Learning objectives:
Identify the structural layers of arteries and veins.
Distinguish between the structure of arteries and veins.
Explain the factors that affect arterial blood flow and blood pressure.
Define shock, and identify the signs of shock.
Identify key blood vessels of the cardiac, systemic, and pulmonary circulations.
Introduction:
Blood is transported around the body in 3 different types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries and veins are each composed of 3 distinct layers of tissue while capillaries only have one layer. Blood pressure and flow depend on multiple factors. There are a number of
mechanisms by which shock can occur.
We will track blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations noting the major arteries and veins along the path. Enjoy the interactive 3D models for exploring the blood vessels!
Assignment:
Part 1 Complete the activities in the following sections of Anatomy.TV Cardiovascular system
: Blood vessels, Blood flow and Pressure, Circulatory Pathways, Vessels of the Trunk, Vessels of the Head and Neck, Vessels of the Limbs To access Anatomy.TV: Resources tab>Library>Library Resources-Database A-
Z>Anatomy.TV>Titles(default tab): Choose Cardiovascular system>choose assigned sections
You will then work through the material and activities by scrolling down on the right. This will allow you to see and work through all activities for that section.
As you complete the lab activities, have the lab report ready to record data.
Part 2 Complete the lab report
Blood vessel Lab report
1.
Describe the different types of blood vessels by completing the following chart: (3 points total; 1/4 point per box)
Blood vessel
Histological description/special characteristics
Function
Large arteries
Large arteries exhibit distinct internal and external elastic laminae, and their thick tunica media is abundant in elastic fibers (elastic lamellae). This feature enables their walls to stretch easily in response to increased blood pressure (high compliance), particularly during systole. Large arteries eject blood from the heart during ventricular diastole. Their elasticity is crucial for accommodating the volume of blood expelled during heart contractions. As these arteries stretch, elastic fibers store mechanical energy, which is later converted into kinetic energy as the elastic fibers recoil, propelling blood away from the heart. Medium arteries
Medium arteries have distinct internal elastic laminar but thin external ones. The tunica media, which varies in size,
contains 3-40 layers of smooth muscle
cells. The tunica externa is often thicker than the media, with longitudinally oriented fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers, allowing arteries to change their diameter. Muscular arteries lack elastic fibers, so they don’t recoil like elastic arteries. Instead, smooth
muscle cells maintain partial contraction (vascular tone) to sustain vessel pressure and efficient blood flow. This allows for the effective adjustment of blood flow rate through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Arterioles
Arterioles, also called resistance vessels, are tiny arteries that bring blood to capillary networks. Their diameter ranges from 15-300 µm, and the wall thickness is about half the The sympathetic nerves in arterioles control blood flow by causing either narrowing (vasoconstriction) or widening (vasodilation).
total diameter. The thin tunica interna has a porous internal elastic lamina, and as the arteriole narrows towards its end, it becomes a capillary, known as the metarteriole. The muscular tunica media consists of one to two layers of smooth muscle cells, and a smooth muscle cell at the junction acts
as a precapillary sphincter, controlling blood flow between the metarteriole and its adjacent capillary. The tunica externa has unmyelinated sympathetic
nerves and loose connective tissue. Smaller vessel diameter increases resistance and slows down blood flow. Capillaries
Capillaries, small and interconnected vessels, create networks throughout the body, connecting arterioles and venules. They lack tunica media and tunica externa, with a thin, single-
layered epithelial structure enabling swift exchange of small molecules like glucose and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and interstitial fluid. They are also known as exchange vessels and typically range from 5-10 µm. Due to their small
size, red blood cells, which are 8 µm in
diameter, need to fold to fit through these capillaries. The capillary wall is about 0.2 micrometers thick, consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to a basement membrane. Capillary networks cover
a lot of space and touch many tissues in the body
Medium veins
Medium veins are around 1cm in diameter. They possess the typical three-layer structure, have a thick outer layer (tunica externa) of collagen
and elastic fibers, and a thin middle layer (tunica media) without smooth muscle. Lacking internal or elastic laminar, they can’t handle high pressure. These veins rely on skeletal muscle contraction and the heart’s pumping for venous return, often featuring valves in the tunica interna to
prevent backflow. The valves function to boost venous return by preventing back flow of blood due to gravity
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Related Questions
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To learn to apply the method of joints to a truss in a systematic way and thereby find the loading in each member of the truss.
In analyzing or designing trusses, it is necessary to determine the force in each member of the truss. One way to do this is the
method of joints. The method of joints is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in equilibrium, each joint in the truss must also be
in equilibrium (i.e., the free-body diagram of each joint must be balanced).
Consider the truss shown in the diagram. The applied forces are P₁ = 630 lb and P₂ = 410 lb and the distance is d = 8.50 ft.
Figure 1)
1 of 1
A
E
30°
d
B
D
P₁
30°
d
C
arrow_forward
Having found FcD in the analysis of joint C, there are now only two unknown forces acting on joint D. Determine the two unknown forces on joint D.
Express your answers in newtons to three significant figures. Enter negative value in the case of compression and positive value in the case of tension.
Enter your answers separated by a comma.
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Calculate the stresses at a point 65 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile normal force N = 2 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 5.8 kN , and
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Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section.
Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures.
• View…
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(conservation of energy...) will be automatically considered false.
For the problem related to Fundamental.8 sketches of the system showing:
the respective velocity and acceleration and the frame of reference considered
. the forces acting on the system of considered, in other words, a free body diagram (FBD)
are mandatory. Their absences will automatically make the problem false.
A force P is applied at an angle 0 =53 to a 889-kg cart. The kinetic friction coefficient on wheels is 0.
P
.
B
0.4 m
0.3 m
Go
B
-0.2 m
0.3 m
0.08 m
The acceleration of the cart is 1.6 m.s^².
1. What is the magnitude of the force P (answer on your hand-written work and in the cell below)?
2. What are the reaction at A and B?
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A column with a wide-flange section has a flange width b = 200 mm , height h = 200 mm, web thickness tw = 8 mm , and flange
thickness tf = 12 mm (Figure 1). Calculate the stresses at a point 75 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile
To calculate the normal and shear stresses at a point
on the cross section of a column.
normal force N = 2.9 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 4.6 kN, and bending moment M = 4.8 kN • m as shown (Figure 2).
The state of stress at a point is a description of the
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force and internal bending moment. The net result can
be obtained using the principle of superposition as
long as the deflections remain small and the response
is elastic.
Part A - Normal stress
Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section.
Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures.
> View…
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For the problem related to Fundamental.8 sketches of the system showing:
• the respective velocity and acceleration and the frame of reference considered
the forces acting on the system of considered, in other words, a free body diagram (FBD)
are mandatory. Their absences will automatically make the problem false.
C
L-m
0c
B
A
0A
P
If the cart's mass is 37-kg and it is subjected to a horizontal force of P-92-N. considering 36° and c-11, determine:
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Problem 1
Learning Goal:
To be able to find the center of gravity, the center of mass, and the centroid of a
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A centroid is an object's geometric center. For an object of uniform composition,
its centroid is also its center of mass. Often the centroid of a complex composite
body is found by, first, cutting the body into regular shaped segments, and then
by calculating the weighted average of the segments' centroids.
Figure
←d→
x
Part A
IVE ΑΣΦ | 4
T, 1.610,0.5075
Submit
An object is made from a uniform piece of sheet metal. The object has dimensions of a = 1.20 ft ,b= 3.74 ft, and c = 2.45 ft. A hole with diameter d = 0.600 ft is centered at (1.00, 0.600).
Find z, y, the coordinates of the body's centroid. (Figure 1)
Express your answers numerically in feet to three significant figures separated by a comma.
▸ View Available Hint(s)
Previous Answers
Provide Feedback
vec •
* Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining
?
1 of 5
ft
Review
>
Next >
Activate Windows
Go to…
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To develop the ability to break a frame or machine down
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loads, whereas machines are designed to transmit or
alter the effects of loads. For a frame or machine to be in
equilibrium, each member of the frame or machine
system must be in equilibrium. Free-body diagrams of the
overall system, as well as individual members, groups of
members, and subsystems, must be drawn.
Figure
B
b
30°
2b
Н.
4 of 4
Submit Previous Answers
✓ Correct
Note that the internal reactions at B are not included in the free-body diagram of the subsystem ABC.
Part D-A tractor shovel
The tractor shovel shown (Figure 4) carries a 500 kg load that has its center of mass at H. The shovel's dimensions are:
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other fittings. In general, calculating these losses
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losses can be modeled using terms of the form
h = KL where Kr, is called the loss
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nine
the velocity for the smaller diameter pipe.
The table below gives some representative values
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Fitting
Well-rounded entrance
≥0.15
Flush entrance
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Discharge pipe
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20.6 kmols Oxygen
If gasoline fuel is approximated by the formula C3H18 , in an atmosphere of
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Calculate the following:
kg air
kmol air
(a) Determine the molecular mass of the air, in -
(b) Determine the molecular mass of C3H18, in-
kg CaH18
kmol Ce H18
(c) Determine the theoretical Air/Fuel Ratio by Volume (m³air/m³ fuel) with both reactants
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For the problem related to Fundamental.9 sketches of the system showing:
• the respective velocity and acceleration and the frame of reference considered
• the forces acting on the system of considered, in other words, a free body diagram (FBD)
are mandatory. Their absences will automatically make the problem false.
P
0
r
Assuming the roller rolls without slipping, if P = 16-lb, 0=10°, and r-9-in, determine the magnitude of the force of contact between the ground floor and the roller. Assume the roller of weight 5-lb to be a uniform cylinder and that no slipping occurs. (tip: Calculate
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ECO
5. AUTOMOTIVE. The power an
engine produces is called
horsepower. In mathematical
terms, one horsepower is the
power needed to move 550
pounds one foot in one
second, or the power needed
to move 33,000 pounds one
foot in one minute. Power, in
physics, is defined simply as
the rate of doing work. The
formula below gives the
horsepower at 5,252 radians
per second.
https://philkotse.com/toyota-corona-ior-sale-in-baguio/1991-for-sale-in-aid7017151
625T
1313
where H is the horsepower and T is the torque
a. Find the inverse of the model.
b. If a taxi produces a horsepower of 200, what is the torque it generates?
Solve here:
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Science 24: Module 4
Section 4 Assignment: The Technology of Safety
For questions1 and 2, read each question carefully, Decide which of the choices BEST
completes the statement. Place your answer in the blank space given.
23
1. Safety features in a vehicle work to reduce forces in a collision by
A. lengthening the time in which changes in momentum occur
B. decreasing the time in which changes in momentum occur
C. decreasing the time of the impulse
D. increasing the change in momentum
2. Road safety features, such as crash cushions and modern guardrails,
reduce the force of a collision by
A. increasing the impulse
B. decreasing the impulse
C. increasing the time over which the impulse occurs
D. decreasing the time over which the impulse occurs
3. Safety engineers use
people in a collision.
to see what will happen to
4. Decide whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F). Place your
answer in the blank space provided.
a. Restraining features operate continuously…
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The hiring committee asked you to perform the following tasks:
1. Examine flywheel, pumped hydro-elastic strigae PHS, and compressed air energy storage CAES.
2. Examine the cause of a coupling failure of mechanical power and conclude the actions to prevent this
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IJRASET), this paper is given with the assignment. You need to deliver a report with no more than 150
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QUESTION 7
A model tow-tank test is conducted on a bare hull model at the model design
speed in calm water. Determine the effective horsepower (hp) for the ship,
including appendage and air resistances. The following parameters apply to the
ship and model:
Ship
1,100
Model
Length (ft)
Hull Wetted Surface Area (ft2)
Speed (knots)
30
250,000
15
Freshwater
Water
Seawater 50°F
70°F
Projected Transverse Area (ft²)
Cair
7,500
0.875
Appendage Resistance (% of bare hull)
10%
Hull Resistance (Ibf)
20
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Learning Goal:
To set up and evaluate the equations of motion in a
normal-tangential coordinate system.
The car is traveling at a speed of 62.5 ft/s, which is increasing at a rate of 4.55 ft/s? , and the curvature of the road is
p = 710 ft. What is the magnitude of the net frictional force that the road exerts on the tires?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
A car of weight 3850 lb is traveling around a curve
of constant curvature p.(Figure 1)
• View Available Hint(s)
Figure
1 of 1>
F =
Value
Units
Submit
Part B - Finding the maximum allowable acceleration
2080 lb. If the car is traveling at 64.5 ft/s and the
Suppose that the tires are capable of exerting a maximum friction force
curvature of the road is p = 410 ft , what is the maximum tangetial acceleration that the car can have without sliding?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
> View Available…
arrow_forward
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PROBLEM 1:
A Diesel engine overcome a friction of 200 HP and delivers 1000 BHP. Air consumption is 90 kg per minute.
The Air/fuel ratio is 15 to 1. Find the following:
1. Indicated horsepower
2. The Mechanical efficiency
3. The Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
PROBLEM 2:
The brake thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is 30 percent. If the air to fuel ratio by weight is 20 and the
calorific value of the fuel used is 41800 kJ/kg, what brake mean effective pressure may be expected at
S.P. conditions (Standard Temperature and pressure means 15.6°C and 101.325 kPa, respectively)?
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O You are running an industrial research study together with your project team to
improve energy efficiency in a combustion process. The purpose of the research is
to identify the optimum air-fuel ratio for the combustion process in a boiler under
varying conditions of air supply and quality of fuel. The study would involve
design of experiments, data collection and analysis, simulation of the different
variables and validation of the optimum parameters. There is a lot of pressure to
improve the energy efficiency as there is a forecast of fuel price rise in the
forthcoming month.
Based on the CRPE code of ethics, explain two critical precautions which
the engineers have to consider before implementation of the data collection
process for the industrial experiment.
to be taken during the
Describe briefly five ethical measures
experimentaldata collection in order to ensure validity of results.
Explain two precautions to be taken during the report writing on the
research study carried out…
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Learning Goal: To understand the derivation of the law relating height and pressure in a container.
In this problem, you will derive the law relating pressure to height in a container by analyzing a particular system.
A container of uniform cross-sectional area is filled with liquid of uniform density . Consider a thin horizontal layer of liquid (thickness ) at a height as measured from the bottom of the container. Let the pressure exerted upward on the bottom of the layer be and the pressure exerted downward on the top be . Assume throughout the problem that the system is in equilibrium (the container has not been recently shaken or moved, etc.).
What is Fup , the magnitude of the force exerted upward on the bottom of the liquid?
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The below results are for cooling tower expirement, energy balance :energy balance of the system, that is to say, the energy taken by the air must be equal to the energy supplied by the water flow.
Question : Discuss the tabulated cooling tower results... Discuss in detail format!
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F(t)
Force_Crate
Known values:
Mass of Block
68 kg
TT
Hs μk
0
0.63 0.53 26°
Problem Statement:
A crate is initially at rest on a sloped surface, when a force is applied: F(t)
where t is in seconds.
Answers:
When t=44.47 seconds, the crate has not yet started moving.
Find the magnitude of the friction force at that time:
317.771 N
The direction of the friction force at that time is: down the slope
Find the time required for the crate to start moving:
Find the crate's speed when t=174.9 s: 9.485 m/s
Be sure to include units with your answers.
169.756 S
240+0.2 N,
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In a linear spring finite element model, as per the finite element model’s sign convention, which one of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. If Fe1 is positive then the spring is under tension
b. If Fe2 is negative then the spring is under tension
c. If Fe2 is positive then the spring is under compression
d. If Fe1 is positive then the spring is under compression
Clear my choice
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Related Questions
- Learning Goal: To learn to apply the method of joints to a truss in a systematic way and thereby find the loading in each member of the truss. In analyzing or designing trusses, it is necessary to determine the force in each member of the truss. One way to do this is the method of joints. The method of joints is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in equilibrium, each joint in the truss must also be in equilibrium (i.e., the free-body diagram of each joint must be balanced). Consider the truss shown in the diagram. The applied forces are P₁ = 630 lb and P₂ = 410 lb and the distance is d = 8.50 ft. Figure 1) 1 of 1 A E 30° d B D P₁ 30° d Carrow_forwardHaving found FcD in the analysis of joint C, there are now only two unknown forces acting on joint D. Determine the two unknown forces on joint D. Express your answers in newtons to three significant figures. Enter negative value in the case of compression and positive value in the case of tension. Enter your answers separated by a comma.arrow_forwardLearning Goal: To calculate the normal and shear stresses at a point on the cross section of a column. A column with a wide-flange section has a flange width b = 250 mm , height k = 250 mm , web thickness to = 9 mm , and flange thickness t; = 14 mm (Figure 1). Calculate the stresses at a point 65 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile normal force N = 2 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 5.8 kN , and bending moment M = 3 kN - m as shown (Figure 2). The state of stress at a point is a description of the normal and shear stresses at that point. The normal stresses are generally due to both internal normal force and internal bending moment. The net result can be obtained using the principle of superposition as long as the deflections remain small and the response is elastic. Part A- Normal stress Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section. Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures. • View…arrow_forward
- Learning outcome Fundamental.8 evaluation Fundamental.8 deals with the equation of motion. The use of the equation of motion to solve this problem is mandatory. Solution using other approaches (conservation of energy...) will be automatically considered false. For the problem related to Fundamental.8 sketches of the system showing: the respective velocity and acceleration and the frame of reference considered . the forces acting on the system of considered, in other words, a free body diagram (FBD) are mandatory. Their absences will automatically make the problem false. A force P is applied at an angle 0 =53 to a 889-kg cart. The kinetic friction coefficient on wheels is 0. P . B 0.4 m 0.3 m Go B -0.2 m 0.3 m 0.08 m The acceleration of the cart is 1.6 m.s^². 1. What is the magnitude of the force P (answer on your hand-written work and in the cell below)? 2. What are the reaction at A and B?arrow_forwardLearning Goal: A column with a wide-flange section has a flange width b = 200 mm , height h = 200 mm, web thickness tw = 8 mm , and flange thickness tf = 12 mm (Figure 1). Calculate the stresses at a point 75 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile To calculate the normal and shear stresses at a point on the cross section of a column. normal force N = 2.9 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 4.6 kN, and bending moment M = 4.8 kN • m as shown (Figure 2). The state of stress at a point is a description of the normal and shear stresses at that point. The normal stresses are generally due to both internal normal force and internal bending moment. The net result can be obtained using the principle of superposition as long as the deflections remain small and the response is elastic. Part A - Normal stress Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section. Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures. > View…arrow_forwardLearning Task 2: Changes in momentum happen every time. A fast-moving car when suddenly stopped might have damaging effects not only to the vehicle itself but also to the person riding it. Various devices have been installed in vehicles to ensure the safety of the passengers. Can you think of some safety devices installed on vehicles (public/private)? Name at least five (5) of them.arrow_forward
- How may acoustic designers alter the design of a room, which was previously used for music performances, into a room now to be used for spoken word performances? Use annotated diagrams for your response. dear expert, make sure to include the diagrams please.arrow_forwardLearning outcome Fundamental.8 evaluation Fundamental.8 deals with the equation of motion. The use of the equation of motion to solve this problem is mandatory. Solution using other approaches (conservation of energy ...) will be automatically considered false. For the problem related to Fundamental.8 sketches of the system showing: • the respective velocity and acceleration and the frame of reference considered the forces acting on the system of considered, in other words, a free body diagram (FBD) are mandatory. Their absences will automatically make the problem false. C L-m 0c B A 0A P If the cart's mass is 37-kg and it is subjected to a horizontal force of P-92-N. considering 36° and c-11, determine: the tension in cord AB. • the horizontal and vertical components of reaction on end C of the uniform 5-kg rod BC.arrow_forwardProblem 1 Learning Goal: To be able to find the center of gravity, the center of mass, and the centroid of a composite body. A centroid is an object's geometric center. For an object of uniform composition, its centroid is also its center of mass. Often the centroid of a complex composite body is found by, first, cutting the body into regular shaped segments, and then by calculating the weighted average of the segments' centroids. Figure ←d→ x Part A IVE ΑΣΦ | 4 T, 1.610,0.5075 Submit An object is made from a uniform piece of sheet metal. The object has dimensions of a = 1.20 ft ,b= 3.74 ft, and c = 2.45 ft. A hole with diameter d = 0.600 ft is centered at (1.00, 0.600). Find z, y, the coordinates of the body's centroid. (Figure 1) Express your answers numerically in feet to three significant figures separated by a comma. ▸ View Available Hint(s) Previous Answers Provide Feedback vec • * Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining ? 1 of 5 ft Review > Next > Activate Windows Go to…arrow_forward
- Learning Goal: To develop the ability to break a frame or machine down into subsystems and to determine the forces developed at internal pin connections. Frames and machines are systems of pin-connected, multiforce members. Frames are designed to support loads, whereas machines are designed to transmit or alter the effects of loads. For a frame or machine to be in equilibrium, each member of the frame or machine system must be in equilibrium. Free-body diagrams of the overall system, as well as individual members, groups of members, and subsystems, must be drawn. Figure B b 30° 2b Н. 4 of 4 Submit Previous Answers ✓ Correct Note that the internal reactions at B are not included in the free-body diagram of the subsystem ABC. Part D-A tractor shovel The tractor shovel shown (Figure 4) carries a 500 kg load that has its center of mass at H. The shovel's dimensions are: a = 52.0 mm, b = 208 mm, c = 312 mm, d = 104 mm, and e = 364 mm. Find the reaction force at E. Assume that the positive…arrow_forwardLearning Goal: To use equilibrium to calculate the plane state of stress in a rotated coordinate system. In general, the three-dimensional state of stress at a point requires six stress components to be fully described: three normal stresses and three shear stresses (Figure 1). When the external loadings are coplanar, however, the resulting internal stresses can be treated as plane stress and described using a simpler, two-dimensional analysis with just two normal stresses and one shear stress (Figure 2). The third normal stress and two other shear stresses are assumed to be zero. The normal and shear stresses for a state of stress depend on the orientation of the axes. If the stresses are given in one coordinate system (Figure 3), the equivalent stresses in a rotated coordinate system (Figure 4) can be calculated using the equations of static equilibrium. Both sets of stresses describe the same state of stress. The stresses σx′and τx′y′ can be found by considering the free-body…arrow_forwardLearning Goal: To calculate minor head losses and pressure drops for pipe fittings. Minor losses in pipe flow are the result of disruptions to the steady laminar or turblent flow in a pipe by entrances, bends, transitions, valves or other fittings. In general, calculating these losses analytically is too complex. However, all of these losses can be modeled using terms of the form h = KL where Kr, is called the loss coefficient and is determined experimentally. This coefficient relates the minor head loss to the velocity head for the flow. For expansions and contractions, the loss coefficient is calculated using nine the velocity for the smaller diameter pipe. The table below gives some representative values for various minor head losses. These are representative only, and a more complete table would account for different kinds of fittings and connections (like threaded or soldered). Fitting Well-rounded entrance ≥0.15 Flush entrance Re-entrant pipe Discharge pipe Sudden contraction (d₂…arrow_forward
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