Discussion Prompt: Which Student-Level factor can a teacher greatly influence? Why?
Response:
There are two student-level factors that teachers can significantly influence, 1) learned intelligence and background knowledge and 2) motivation. Marzano states that although it influences the development of our crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence cannot be built upon. However, our crystallized intelligence, which is connected to academic knowledge and achievement, can be strengthened through learning experiences (pg 134). Additionally, Marzano states that although high fluid intelligence and positive learning experiences supply the best outcome for high crystallized intelligence, rich learning experiences alone can promote the development of crystallized intelligence. Teachers have the power to provide these learning experiences and enhance students' background knowledge using both direct and indirect approaches. (pg 136).
Teachers can also impact student motivation. Marzano states that there are five theories pertaining to motivation, 1) drive theory, 2) attribution theory, 3) self-worth theory, 4) emotions, and 5) self-system (pg 144). These theories relate student motivation to percieved successes and failures, peer culture, emotions, and personal goals (pgs 145-148). Understanding that these factors all play a role in students' motivation, Marzano outlines four routes to increase student motivation. He notes that it is important for teachers to acknowledge academic growth and plan for activities that allow all students to feel successful (pg 149). Additionally, these activities should peak student engagement by presenting some level of a challenge as well as encouraging curiosity fantasy. Teachers can also influence motivation by working with students to create long-term goals and a plan to reach these goals (pg 150). Finally, Marzano indicates that teachers
can increase student motivation by helping students to understand the dynamics of motivation and how their own thoughts and actions impact their motivation.
Reference:
Marzano, R. J. (2003).
What works in schools: Translating research into action
. ASCD: Reston, VA.
