albinism project

The above data are from a landmark student looking into the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. These data are from a population where malaria is prevalent. A is the allele for normal red blood cells; S is the sickle cell allele (you should know what this means). Is this population in H-W equilibrium? Make sure to use chi-square. Why or why not (if not, what assumption(s) violated). Genotype AA AS SS Total Observed 9365 (75.6%) 2993 (24.2%) 29 (0.2%) 12,387

In this version of the simulation (500 population size; 500 carrying capacity), all fish are equally likely (though not 100% likely) to survive and reproduce. There are no mutations, nor are there any entering or leaving the population. When they reproduce, they choose a mate from the pool at random and produce ten offspring by chance with the probability of the offspring’s genotypes determined by the punnett square. What caused the allele frequencies to change and vary in the trials? (ex attached).

House mouse (Mus musculus) Gene of interest: B4galnt2 (encodes glycosyltransferase enzyme) • Allele R: Associated with prolonged bleeding due to issues with blood clotting; associated with resistance to bacterial infections due to absence of intestinal expression. Allele C: Associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections; not associated with prolonged bleeding. A B C The population is closed; there are no new mice coming in. The cages are setup to allow for random mating. The B4galnt2 gene is not associated with any mating preferences or non-random mating patterns. Studies have shown that mutations in this locus are extremely rare. The population is EXTREMELY large. The population is kept in well maintained environment, free of bacterial infections. The mouse food is supplemented with a low dose of blood coagulator, which helps the blood clot and eliminates any prolonged bleeding. None of the genotypes display any side effects to this medication. The population is…

: In a study with house mice, 93 house mice (Mus musculus) in a single barn in Wiscons focused on a single locus (the gene for a certain enzyme) with two alleles, A and a. The genotype frequencies found were:AA 0.226Aa 0.400aa 0.374a) Calculate the allele frequencies.b) How does this population differ from the predictions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?Show the calculation

Figure is attached Please consider sexual selection operating on red-collared widowbirds assess the lowercase-Roman-numeral-labelled statements that appear immediately below; and click the uppercase-letter-labelled response that is presented below and conveys the most accurate information. i. The specimen depicted at the top in the figure represents the group in which individuals were manipulated experimentally, trimmed so that tail lengths were shortened substantially.ii. The specimen depicted at the bottom in the figure represents the group in which individuals were unmanipulated, left untrimmed.iii. Individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the bottom fared better in condition (measured as body mass relative to length) terms than did individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the top. iv. Individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the bottom spent more time flying and displaying to potential mates than did individuals in the group represented…

b. a. in a population. Hardy-Weinberg p+q=1 (Rr), and 16% white (rr). This population is in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 42. In a population of cattle, the following color distribution was noted: 36% red (RR), 48% roan baith p²+2pq+q² =1 Determine the frequencies of the R alleles and the r alleles? assumptions are met? What will be the distribution of genotypes in the next generation if the Hardy-Weinberg a. 36% red; 48% roan; 16% white b. 30% red; 50% roan; 20% white c. 30% red; 60% roan; 10% white d. 40% red; 40% roan; 20% white 10 u ti- sor

What are some notes or take aways about this model? Model 1 – PopGen Fish Pond This model is an agent-based population genetics simulation. The program contains the tools to conduct virtual experiments violating all the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg theory (small population, selection, mutation, migration, and non-random mating).

Table 1. Use the numbers of individuals with each of the three CCRS genotypes among 1318 Caucasian blood donors, to fill in the empty boxes (Data Source: Glass et al. 2006) Numbers observed Frequency observed (round to 3 decimal places) Frequency expected for population in HWE (round to 3 decimal places) +/+ Numbers of individuals expected (frequency expected times 1318, round to nearest whole number) 1102 Genotypes +/A32 Use the data above to calculate allele frequencies. Freq of + Freq of 432 203 432/432 13 (round to 3 decimal places) row must sum to -1 values must sum to-1 row must sum to-1 row sums to 13187

A sample of 600 individuals from a population is examined for the presence of the HindIII polymorphism in an autsomal Sca gene. There are two alleles of Sca gene, A and a. The results are 14 individuals are AA, 212 are Aa, 374 are aa. Please answer the following questions accordingly? How many alleles are present in the gene pool in the sample population fort he Sca gene? What are the genotype frequencies? What are the frequencies of A and a alleles? What are the expected numbers of the three genotypes, assuming random matings.

House mouse (Mus musculus) Gene of interest: B4galnt2 (encodes glycosyltransferase enzyme) Allele R: Associated with prolonged bleeding due to issues with blood clotting; associated with resistance to bacterial infections due to absence of intestinal expression. Allele C: Associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections; not associated with prolonged bleeding. A B C The population is closed; there are no new mice coming in. The cages are setup to allow for random mating. The B4galnt2 gene is not associated with any mating preferences or non-random mating patterns. Studies have shown that mutations in this locus are extremely rare. The population is EXTREMELY large. The population is kept in well maintained environment, free of bacterial infections. The mouse food is supplemented with a low dose of blood coagulator, which helps the blood clot and eliminates any prolonged bleeding. None of the genotypes display any side effects to this medication. The population is…

A population sample of 300 individuals is studied for the electrophoretic mobility of an enzyme that varies according to the genotype determined by 2 alleles, E and T of a single gene. The results are 7 individuals with genotype EE, 106 with genotype ET, and 187 with genotype TT. What are the allele frequencies of E and T, and what are the expected numbers of the 3 genotypes if random mating is assumed?

Courses > BIO 182 Majors Biology II > Assignments > 02A > Population Evolution Population Evolution Using the two Hardy-Weinberg equations, calculate the allelic and genotypic frequencies. Given the allelic frequency of A = .5, answer the following: 1. What is the homozygous dominant frequency? 2. What is the allelic frequency of a? 3. What is the heterozygous frequency?

You are examining a scorpion population within the Las Vegas area. Your field team is able to capture 200 yellow scorpions and 450 brown scorpions. You know that the color brown (B) is dominant over the color yellow (b). Based on this information, please answer the following questions. Be sure to show your work. • What is the allele frequency of each allele? • What percentage of scorpions in the population are heterozygous?

The following gel represents a result of the RFLP experiment you designed using the DNA of 9 different individuals (this is your population). The ladder used is a 50bp ladder and is loaded in the first well.   1. What is the percentage of non-tasters in this population? 2. What is the percentage of heterozygous in this population? 3. What is the frequency of nontaster allele in this population? 4. What is the frequency of the taster allele in this population?

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium In 1975, in a population of 88 garter snakes on the coast of Oregon, 54 of them exhibit the recessive genotype are therefore not immune to the rough-skinned newt’s toxin.  Solve for q: Solve for p:

u are examining a scorpion population within the Las Vegas area. Your field team is able to capture 200 yellow scorpions and 450 brown orpions. You know that the color brown (B) is dominant over the color yellow (b). Based on this information, please answer the following estions. Be sure to show your work. - What is the allele frequency of each allele? • What percentage of scorpions in the population are heterozygous?

The typical tail size for elephants is 150 cm, with a standard deviation of 10 cm. The typical tail size for mice is 7 cm, with a standard deviation of 3 cm. Do elephants or mice exhibit greater variability in tail size? Elephants, because CV = 15 > 2.3 Elephants, because SD = 10 cm > SD = 3 cm %3D Elephants, because = 150 cm > 7 cm O Mice, because CV = 0.43 > CV = 0.07 %3D %3D

WRITE DOWN SOME NOTES OR TAKE AWAYS ABOUT THIS MODEL. Model 3 – Random Genetic Drift  This model is an adaptation of the classic experiment conducted by Peter Buri (1956), which documented genetic drift in laboratory populations of Drosophila. In the model, ten vials (populations) of flies are held at a constant population size and the proportions of a mutant allele are tracked over generations. The population size and the initial allele proportion can be manipulated.

Below is a life table for a hypothetical organism. What is the expected lifetime reproductive success for individuals carrying the A1 allele? (Note: RS: reproductive success) # of individual RS of survivor surviving RS of survivor Age carrying A1 allele carrying A2 allele 1000 1 600 1 420 1 336 1 4 302 272 2 6. 218 1 7 152 1 8. 91 1 9. 46 10 1.84 2.44 3.27 3.54 13

heritability was published in 2009 in the International Journal of Obesity. This study uses data from the "FinnTwin16" study in which nearly all twins born in Finland from 1975-79 are being tracked for many phenotypes. The table below reports correlation coefficients (rmz and dmz) separately for male and female twin pairs at about 30 years of age for 3 traits: BMI, waist circumference, and level of physical activity (the study investigated the relationships between these traits). Calculate H² for each trait and sex using the strategy discussed in Video 4.4. Match the your values with the appropriate trait and sex. Number of pairs BMI Waist circumference Physical activity Female BMI 0.77 0.71 0.55 Female physical activity Male BMI Female waist circumference Male physical activity Male waist circumference Female MZ 414 0.79 0.54 0.55 [[|]] Male MZ 282 0.36 0.35 0.24 Female DZ 353 0.31 0.26 0.30 Male DZ 309

The ABO locus for blood typing consists of three alleles, A, B and i. An analysis the ABO blood types in the population of the Pingelap atoll of Micronesia is being planned. A Chi-Square analysis is being planned as part of the data analysis. How many degrees of freedom are there in the experiment? 2 3 4 6

population is black in colour but about 1/4 of them are white.  gene (B) that produces an enzyme that converts a pigment molecule to produce the Black colour. There are 2 alleles of this gene - the dominant B and the recessive b. DNA analysis shows that black individuals have either a BB or Bb genotype and that white individuals have a bb phenotype. However, you have discovered that a small percentage of White individuals have either a BB or Bb genotype. Explain two reasons  that could explain this apparent anomaly. They have a BB or Bb genotype but a white phenotype.

In a population of 500 fruit flies, 250 are genotype RR, 100 are genotype Rr and 150 are genotype rr. Determine the allele frequencies for this gene in this population. Remember that the frequencies should add to 1. Please show your work.

DNA typing is used to compare evidence DNA (E) left at a crime scene to two suspects(S1 and S2). Suspect 1 is excluded by the evidence, but suspect 2 remains included. What isthe frequency of suspect 2's genotype if the allelic frequencies in the population are f(A1) =0.1, f(A2) = 0.2, and f(A3) = 0.7, and the population is at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?I do not need the answer, just HOW you do it. I got 0.02 as the answer, but I know that isn't right.

(Following Question 25) If a mutation occurred such that A2 allele appeared in this population. The new allele has the effect of reproducing one year earlier but at the cost of not being able to reproduce after age 6. Can A2 allele be selected for and subsequently fixed in the population?     Yes, because A2 allele exhibits the antagonistic pleiotropic effect.     Yes, because carriers of the A2 allele have a higher expected lifetime reproductive success than the individuals carrying the A1 allele.     No, because carriers of the A2 allele live fast, therefore they will always die young.     No, because the carriers of the A2 allele have a lower expected lifetime reproductive success. Therefore, the A2 allele is a deleterious allele.     Not enough information in this problem that would allow us to make an informed prediction.

Two alleles have been found at the X-linked phosphoglucomutase gene (Pgm) in a Drosophila persimilis population in California. The frequency of the PgmA allele is 0.3, while the frequency of the PgmB allele is 0.7. Assuming the population is at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, what are the expected genotype frequencies in males and females?

A researcher examines a locus, or marker, in which there is a particular C/T polymorphism in a population of interest. Let’s call this Locus 1. They obtain the following genotype counts in a sample of the population: CC:42, CT:16, TT:32. a) Calculate the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies for Locus 1 in the sample.b) Calculate the observed heterozygosity (the frequency of heterozygotes) and the observed homozygosity (the total frequency of all homozygotes) in the sample. Ensure that these two frequencies add up to 1.

You are examining a scorpion population with the Las Vegas area field team is able to capture 200 yellow scorpions and 450 brown scorpions you know that the color brown B is dominant over the color yellow b based on this information please answer the following questions to be sure to show your work. What is the allele frequency of each Allele? what percentage of scorpions in the population are heterozygous?

A. What does it mean if an allele is “fixed”?  B. Explain one reason why EVEN if an allele is undergoing strong positive selection it may not become fixed in the population.

In a hypothetical species of mice, the shaggy gene determines hair length. S is the dominant allele and confers the short hair phenotype. Homozygous ss individuals have long hair. There are 422 long-haired mice and 278 short-haired mice in the population. Approximately what percent of the population would be expected to have the Ss genotype? a- 61%      b- 5%               c- 34%           d- 39%

Entomologists at the New York State Department of Agriculture are interested in determiningthe connection between pest insects infesting crop plants with populations of the same insect-infesting native plants in natural habitats. Long-term trapping and monitoring studies have estimated that on average 3% of the populations move between habitats (farm to natural and vis versa) each generation. A new insecticide resistance allele (∆K) has begun to increase in frequency in agricultural populations. A genotyping survey at this locus of 50 individuals in each population has revealed the following genotype counts:4a. Based on the effects of migration alone, what will the frequency of ∆K be in the forestpopulation in the next generation?   4b. If migration was acting in here without selection, what would the frequency of ΔK be in the agricultural population in the next generation?   4c. If the natural forest population was substantially larger than the agricultural population, how might…