Lab 11 Heart

Calculate heart rate (BPM) with dimensional analysis. Heart is beating ever 1.13 seconds what would be the calculated heart rate per minute?

Discuss TWO (2) body surface electrodes that can record the bioelectric potential of the heart activity.

CIRCULATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF THE CAT 1. What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries? What makes pulmonary circulation different from systemic circulation? What is a portal system?   2. Trace the flow of blood in the cat’s heart, including closely associated blood vessels. Please illustrate and label the blood vessels and sections of the heart.

An artificial heart works in closed loop by varying its pumping rate according to changes in signals from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback compensation design it is important to know the heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a calf while the main parts of the original heart are left in place. Then the atrial pumping rate in the original heart is measured while step input changes are effected on the artificial heart. It has been found that. in general, the obtained response closely resembles that of a second-order system. In one such experiment it was found that the step response has a %OS = 30% and a time of first peak 7, 127 sec (Nakamura, 2002). Find the corresponding transfer function. Aside from the corresponding transfer function, determine the following as well: delay time, rise time, settling time and steady state error if input is a step response. CO M

Throughout the development of prosthetic heart valves, how might application of nanotechnology be used to improve the strength of the prosthetic heart valves and reduce complications and failures? Discuss.

Fetal Pig Heart and associated vessels diagram Explain the pathway of blood flow in the fetal heart. Describe how that pathway changes after the pig is born. What kinds of birth defects arise went the pathway of blood flow in the heart does not change at birth? What is the importance of the coronary artery? What happens when the vessels become clogged? What would be the difference if the clog occurs near the bottom of the heart vs the top of the heart? How do angioplasty and heart-bypass surgery relate to this? What medications are used to treat blocked coronary arteries? What is the role of SA and AV nodes, the bundle of HIS, and Purkinje fibers? What medical intervention is implemented in cases when the mechanism fails?

Let's Review - Human Circulation Your textbook begins the discussion of the path that blood takes around the body starting at the right atrium. But remember that this path a cycle, and therefore there is no true beginning or end. To make sure you have the idea, I would like you to trace the flow of blood around the human body starting at the AORTA. Complete the activity below. 1 E Right Atrium E Right ventricle 3 Aorta 4 Left Ventricle 5 : Left Atrium 6 Vena Cava 7 | Cells of the body 8 | Lungs ::::

Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a double circulation). Please include in your description all the steps illustrated in slide #16 of the Cardiovascular System PowerPoint presentation (Lectures 5&6), as well as the opening and closing of all heart valves (refer to slide #21), and the signals arising from the SA and AV nodes (shown in slide #25). How does this cycle contribute to metabolic homeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of the valves?

The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.

Concisely describe the path of depolarization in the heart, include where the signal for contraction starts and explain why it is functionally important that there is a delay between where depolarization starts in the atria and depolarization in the ventricles.

The circulation and the homeostasis of the cellular environment:  Describe (in the correct order) the sequence of blood flow through a four chambered mammalian heart. Be sure to address the following: Begin with the return of oxygen poor blood from the body (that is cells other than the lungs). Describe the chemical O2/C02 and glucose content of the blood in the key locations Describe the mechanisms that regulate the functioning of the system to maintain homeostasis.

In the given table, three of the anatomical and physiological terms are similar or related; one does not belong with the other three. Choose the term that does NOT belong in each of the following groups.   A B C D 1 Pulmonary Trunk Vena Cava Right Side of the Heart Left Side of the Heart 2 QRS Wave T Wave P Wave Electrical Activity of the Ventricles 3 AV Valves Closed AV Valves Opened Ventricular Systole Semilunar Valves Open 4 Tricuspid Valve Mitral Valve Bicuspid Valve Left AV Valve 5 Pulmonary Valve Umbilical Artery Pulmonary Vein Superior Vena Cava

4.4. On the circulatory system, what are the correct statements? PHYSIOLOGY_advanced  (OJO) Pacemaker cells of the heart are neurons with a stable resting membrane potential. Pacemaker cells of the sinus node, located at the left atrium, determine the heart beat frequency. Cardiac output is a function of the heart beat frequency and the stroke volume. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows coupling of the venous return with the stroke volume. Within each capillary bed there is a net loss of liquid to the extracellular space; this imbalance depends on the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure gradients.

Discuss the differences between myogenic and neurogenic hearts and explain what the role of regulatory neurons is to control cardiac output. If possible, include in your answer examples from different organisms for each type of heart.

The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…

Scenario: A patient arrives at the clinic complaining of an increased heart rate and is feeling some nausea. Multiple tests are performed and an ECG reveals that the patient has abnormal P waves and an unusually fast heart rate. Their blood pressure is also found to be high. Question Stem: Based on their ECG, which of the following phases of the cardiac cycle might be abnormal in this patient? Answers A - D A Isovolumetric ventricular ejection Atrial contraction Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation D Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The standard EKG consists of 10 sensors that record 12 leads of the heart’s electrical activity from different angles, allowing for a thorough three-dimensional interpretation of its activity. This is transmitted by the electrodes to the equipment to be interpreted and is used to diagnose cardiac medical conditions. In case of an abnormal EKG, the second step would be to use a Holter monitor. How would you explain to your classmates how to perform an EKG (steps)? Where will you place the electrodes when performing and EKG? Why? What are the different lead types, connections, and placements? When you conclude an EKG, what are the different components that you need to observe and confirm before you disconnect the patient? Can you explain the difference between normal, abnormal, and artifacts? What is a Holter monitor? Under what circumstances would one be ordered for a patient? How do you use a Holter monitor? Educate a patient: What you will do before, during, and after an…

KEY Stimulus Medullary cardiovascular control center Sensory receptor Integrating center Efferent path Effector Change in blood pressure Parasympathetic Carotid and aortic baroreceptors neurons Sympathetic neurons SA node Ventricles Veins Arterioles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. In the diagram above, describe the role of the integrating center and two of the effectors. 2. What will atherosclerosis do to the peripheral resistance? 3. What will atherosclerosis do to the heart rate

| 15 HEART The structure of the heart allows it to serve as two distinct pumps. One side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs while the other side propels oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart is unique in other ways as well. For example, it consists of muscle found nowhere else in the body. What's more, cardiac cells can generate and transmit electrical impulses spontaneously. Learn more about the characteristics of this vital organ by completing the activities in this chapter. Conceptualize in Color Heart Layers Test your knowledge of the layers of the heart's wall and the pericardium by coloring the figure as suggested. • Endocardium: Light pink • Myocardium: Dark pink • Fibrous pericardium: Orange • Serous pericardium: Light blue • Place green Xs in the pericardial space. • Draw a bracket linking the layers that make up the serous pericardium. Chapter 15 Heart 185 chapter

Discuss why the heart is called a double pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Fill in the Blank: Match the number to the part of the heart in the flow of circulation. Superior Vena Cava/[1] --> Right Atrium --> [2] --> Pulmonary Artery --> Lungs --> [3]--> [4] --> Left Ventricle--> [5] --> Body 1 2 3 4 5 ៦ 8 [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] A W P & B

We analyzed the difference between the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell and an action potential in a neuron. Describe the physiological mechanisms behind the primary difference in the shape of these two action potentials. Why is this feature important to the normal workings of the heart?

My Steve Dixon, a 55 year old male, has been admitted to the hospital for a heart attack (myocardial infarction). The Mr. Dixons cardiologist has ordered the nuclear medicine department to obtain a scan to measure to function of his right and left ventricles post–myocardial infarction. What is the name of the nuclear medicine scan being performed?

Based on the Image below make a simple explanation (be unique, you can present it through diagrams or shapes) about the flow of blood into and from the heart.

What condition(s) does increasing the diameter of the left flow tube simulate in the human heart (A) increasing afterload (B) increasing preload (C) increasing viscosity of the blood (D) increasing the contractility of the ventricles

In conditioned athletes, the resting Heart Rate is generally much lower than in non-athletes. Why?   a-because long-term exercise reduces Cardiac Output at rest to conserve energy b-because athletes have a smaller Stroke Volume at rest, causing Heart Rate to decrease as well c-because long-term exercise leads to increased vagal tone which slows Heart Rate d-because athletes have stronger ventricles and therefore a larger Stroke Volume at rest, so they require fewer bpm to achieve the same Cardiac Output

. A series of simple, well-labelled, schematic diagrams to illustrate the chambers of the heart and how the movement of blood is controlled through the atrioventricular and semilunar valves. . A table to summarise the key differences in heart structure between fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Estimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions: Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s. The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm. Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat. Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.

Blood is pushed out of the heart through a large vessel, called the aorta. The aorta then divides into smaller and smaller blood vessels, eventually reaching vessels called capillaries. Capillaries are so small that oxygen and nutrients can diffuse across the vessel walls and into the tissues of the body, with CO2 and waste diffusing back into the blood.   Let's say that the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 1 cm2 = 100 mm2. The blood pumps through the aorta at 100 mm/s but only through the capillaries at 1 mm/s. If each capillary has a cross-sectional area of 20 mm2, how many capillaries must there be in the body?   Note: these numbers are not physiologically correct, but were chosen to make the math easier. The blood velocity through the aorta is closer to 300 mm/s. The capillaries have a total cross-sectional area of ~600,000 mm2 (6000 cm2), with a blood flow rate closer to 0.2 mm/s.

Outline the flow of the electrical impulse through the conduction system of the heart by choosing the correct sequence from the drop-down menusFill the slots with the terms provided  (A) leads to (B) leads to (C) leads to (D) leads to (E) Terms to use: Purkinje fibers SA node AV node and atrial contractile cells Ventricular and contractile cells right and left bundle branches

The standard EKG consists of 10 sensors that record 12 leads of the heart’s electrical activity from different angles, allowing for a thorough three-dimensional interpretation of its activity. This is transmitted by the electrodes to the equipment to be interpreted and is used to diagnose cardiac medical conditions. In case of an abnormal EKG, the second step would be to use a Holter monitor. How would you explain how to perform an EKG (steps)? Where will you place the electrodes when performing and EKG? Why? What are the different lead types, connections, and placements? When you conclude an EKG, what are the different components that you need to observe and confirm before you disconnect the patient? Can you explain the difference between normal, abnormal, and artifacts? What is a Holter monitor? Under what circumstances would one be ordered for a patient? How do you use a Holter monitor? Educate a patient: What you will do before, during, and after an electrocardiogram or…

Conceptualize in Color Electrocardiogram Color each part of the ECG waveform shown bere as suggested. • P wave: Green • QRS complex: Yellow • PR interval: Purple • ST segment: Brown •T wave: Blue Next, link each part of the waveform to the cardiac activity it represents by underlining each particular statement with the color you sused in the waveform. For example, if you colored the P wave green, underline in green the statement describing what the P wave represents. 1. This part of the waveform represents ventricular repolarization. 2. This part of the waveform represents atrial depolarization. 3. This part of the waveform represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles. 4. This part of the waveform represents ventricular depolarization. 5. This part of the waveform represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. 192 Chapter 15 Heart