TLHomework_6

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School

Metropolitan Community College, Penn Valley *

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Course

4087

Subject

Biology

Date

May 6, 2024

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pdf

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2

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Tamareon Lones On-time submission: 5 pts. Total 20 pts + 6 bonus pts. Homework problems for assignment 6. 1. Name all the proteins that are in the DNA replication fork in E. Coli , and describe the functions of these proteins. Explain how two DNA strands are replicated at the same time by one replication fork. (4 pts) -All the proteins that are in the DNA replication fork in E. Coli is SSB which function is binding to single-stranded DNA. Another protein is DnaB (helicase) which plays part in DNA unwinding. Primase (DnaG protein) which synthesize RNA primers. DNA polymerase III which performs new strand elongation. DNA polymerase I which performs filling of gaps and excision of primers. DNA Ligase which performs Ligation. Lastly DNA gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) which performs supercoiling. -DNA strands are replicated at the same time by one replication because at the replication fork, DNA is copied differently on each strand. The leading strand is made continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, matching the helicase's unwinding of DNA. Meanwhile, the lagging strand is made in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. First, primase creates RNA primers on the lagging strand. Then, DNA polymerase elongates these primers into Okazaki fragments. Next, DNA polymerase replaces the RNA with DNA. Finally, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments, creating a continuous strand. 2. The sequence of starting region of one DNA gene (the coding strand) is shown: 5’ GCATATGGCTTTTCCGCCGCGGCGACGGCTGCGC 3’. 1) Please write down the sequence of the complementary strand (the template strand) in the 5’ to 3’ direction. (1 pt) 5' GCGCAGCCGTCGCCGCGGCGGAAAAGCCATATGC 3' 2) If the template strand is used as a template for transcription, what is the sequence of the resulting mRNA? (1 pt) 5'GCAUAUGGCUUUUCCGCCGCGGCGACGGCUGCGC 3' 3) From this mRNA sequence, please figure out the first codon in protein synthesis. (1 pt) 5' AUG 3' 4) When the mRNA is used for translation, please figure out the polypeptide sequence (starting from the first codon). (2 pt) N-Met-Ala-Phe-Pro-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Leu-Arg-C 5) If one nucleotide of the coding strand is mutated, and resulting sequence is: 5’ GCATATGGCTTTTC G GCCGCGGCGACGGCTGCGC 3’. What is the polypeptide sequence from this mutated gene? Please explain what type of mutation this is. (3 pts) The new polypeptide sequence is N-Met-Ala-Phe-Arg-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Leu-Arg-C This represents a missense mutation because the original codon is CCG, which codes for proline, is now changed to CGG and now codes for a different amino acid Arginine.
3. Please describe how the lac operon and the trp operon are regulated. (3 pts) The Lac Operon have 2 parts one being Part A which occurs when glucose is present, and lactose is absent this means that the operon is not needed. Which causes the repressor protein to bind to the operator which will turn off transcription. Then there is Part B which occurs when lactose is present, and glucose is absent. Lactose will become allolactose and bind to the repressor, which will change the repressor conformation and it cannot bind to DNA anymore. This will turn on transcription. Trp operon is regulated by tryptophan levels. If trp level is low it will turn on the operon, trp doesn’t bind to repressor or DNA and transcription is turned on. If trp level is high it will turn off the operon, trp will bind to repressor then the repressor will bind to the operator. This will turn off transcription. 4. Please summarize what you have learned from this class , which parts of the class you enjoyed most, and which parts you didn’t like. (6 bonus pts) In this class I have learned how to draw and distinguish all 20 amino acids, How buffering systems work, and all of the protein structures including secondary, tertiary, and Quaternary. I also learned about protein synthesis, protein folding, enzymes and the inhibition of enzymes. I also was able to learn more about carbohydrates and all of there functions and Lipids and all of their functions. I also learned how to deeply understand processes like glycolysis, metabolism, the citric cycle, and DNA replication. I enjoyed DNA replication only because its very easy to understand and I have learned about it in a lot of other classes. I also enjoyed learned about the 20 Amino Acids because I have always seen them come up in previous courses but I never really understood the difference between all them, so learning about each of their function kind of made everything make sense. Lastly, I enjoyed learning about Carbohydrates even though it was a lot of information to remember. I enjoyed the structure of the class and that we were given breaks in the middle of each class because the content could get kind of tiring due to all of the information that is being discussed. I didn’t like that the answer choices for the exam questions was kind of tricky and also the exam questions were kind of worded tricky for me which kind of force you to remember every single small detail. I wish there was a study guide given cause a lot of times when it was time for me to study for exams I would procrastinate because I really didn’t know where to start.
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