Lessons-26-and-29-questions-CCA

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Apr 3, 2024

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Astronomy — All Questions Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram/Stellar Birth/Stars in General/Low Mass Stars Instructions: This Quest is in the form of multiple-choice questions and a few fill-in the blanks. Written responses must be spelled correctly. After reading each question carefully, select your answer or answers. If the question calls for multiple answers, two or more, you must provide all correct answers. Because of this, I will give you two attempts to take the test. Consider this open book. All answers can be found in Crash Course Astronomy, the lecture materials created for class which includes vocabulary, the assigned exercises, and the PowerPoint presentations; but if you feel the need to consult online sources, books, or magazines, please feel free to do so. This Quest has a total value of 30 points. MUCH SUCCESS!!! 1. When you divide the incoming light from an object into individual colors or wavelengths, the resulting phenomenon is called ______________ a. an H-R diagram. d. a single line spectrum. b. a spectrum. e. a spectrometer. c. a color wheel. 2. A star emits light in all colors of the visible spectrum and in all wavelengths of the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the visible colors that we see is called a (an) _______________ a. continuous spectrum. d. continuous spectrometer. b. continuous HR spectrum. e. absorption spectrum. c. extended continuous spectrum. 3. Max Planck, the German physicist (1858-1947) showed that there was a relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy. Which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are totally friendly to humans? Two correct answers must be provided for credit. a. gamma rays. e. visible light. b. radio waves. f. X-rays. c. microwaves. g. ultraviolet light. d. infrared radiation. 4. Hotter stars output more light in the _______________ end of the visible spectrum, and hence, look this color when observed in the nighttime sky. a. red d. blue b. yellow e. violet c. green 5. Cooler stars produce more energy in the _______________ part of the spectrum, and hence, look this color when observed in the sky at night. a. red. d. blue. b. yellow. e. violet. c. green.
Phys 108, Astronomy: The H-R diagram, Moravian College Astronomy Stellar Birth, Stars in General, Low Mass Stars Gary A. Becker, Instructor 2 6. The continuous spectrum of a star has gaps in it, darker bands where different elements ______________. a. absorb specific wavelengths of light. b. reflect specific frequencies of light. c. emit specific colors of light. d. refract different colors of light into a rainbow. e. deflect different colors of light. 7. The continuous spectrum created by stars shines through their own gases. Those gases absorb the energy from the specific (unique) transitions created by their electrons jumping from lower to higher energy levels to produce a unique fingerprint of the elements or compounds that the star possesses. This type of spectrum is called a (an) _______________. a. emission spectrum. d. fractured spectrum. b. color wheel spectrum. e. absorption spectrum. c. luminosity spectrum. f. absorption H-R spectrum. 8. This type of spectrum listed in the last problem was the key to understanding a star’s _______________ and _______________ Two answers here, and both must be correct for credit. a. temperature. d. composition. b. luminosity. e. abundance of hydrogen the star contained. c. mass. 9. In the classification of stars, O-B-A-F-G-K-M we are looking at a (an) _______________. Two answers must be provided for credit. a. temperature sequence with the hottest the O stars and the coolest luminaries the M stars. b. luminosity sequence with the brightest luminaries the O and the faintest the M. c. color sequence with the reddest stars being the M and the bluest the O. d. unrealistic and very confusing way of classifying stars.
Phys 108, Astronomy: The H-R diagram, Moravian College Astronomy Stellar Birth, Stars in General, Low Mass Stars Gary A. Becker, Instructor 3 e. classification sequence for stars developed by Harvard astronomer Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941) in the very early twentieth century. 10. Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin showed that the line intensity of the absorption spectra of stars depended ______________. a. upon the fact that she had no dates on Saturday nights which allowed her the time to formulate her groundbreaking work in astronomy. She did eventually marry. b. on the star’s atmospheric density and elemental composition. c. on the star’s temperature and elements in their atmospheres. d. upon the temperature and luminosity of a star’s atmosphere. e. upon the age and molecul ar composition of a star’s atmosphere. 11. Stars are overwhelmingly composed of ______________ because the electrons of different elements “danced’ uniquely at dissimilar temperatures. This was first shown by Harvard astronomers Cecelia Payne-Goposchkin. a. hydrogen. d. carbon. b. helium. e. oxygen. c. nitrogen 12. Until the 19th century (early 1800s), it was impossible to compare the true brightnesses of the stars with each other because Two answers are correct here a. The distances to the stars were unknown except for the sun. b. The color of the stars, a trait which affects their brightnesses, had not been properly investigated. c. The magnitude system had not been properly calibrated. d. No parallax measurement of a star had ever been successfully made. e. Spectroscopy was only in its infancy. 13. The basic stellar classification scheme proposed by Harvard and used today by all astronomers arranges stars by ______________ a. their size, assigning each a number. b. their size, assigning each a letter and number. c. their temperature, assigning each a number. d. their temperature, assigning each a letter. 14. The star with the brightest absolute magnitude in the list is a. Venus (G 2 reflected main sequence). d. the Sun (G 2 main sequence). b. Sirius (A 1 main sequence). e. Alpha Centauri (G 2 main sequence). c. Polaris (F 7 supergiant). f. Vega (A 0 main sequence) 15. In the classification of stars, O-B-A-F-G-K- M, (Oh Becker’s Astronomy Field Guide Kills Me), if a star is seen with compounds in it, that star would most likely be a (an) _______________ star. Hint: The chemical (electrostatic) bonds of the electrons in compounds holding the different elements together are much weaker than the electrostatic (electromagnetic) bonds that hold electrons to the nucleus of atoms. Compounds can be broken apart more
Phys 108, Astronomy: The H-R diagram, Moravian College Astronomy Stellar Birth, Stars in General, Low Mass Stars Gary A. Becker, Instructor 4 easily by lower temperatures. If you have had a chemistry course, you could call this the ionization potential of the element or the necessary energy to break apart the compound. a. O e. G b. B f. K c. A g. M d. F 16. The Harvard classification system of stars using absorption spectrums _______________. a. was based on the relative strength of the hydrogen absorption lines in the spectrums of different stars. b. was based on the relative strength of helium in the absorption spectrum of different stars. c. was based on the relative line strengths of certain key elements in the absorption spectrums of stars to identify their temperatures. d. was based on the color and brightness (luminosity) of the star in the absorption spectrum. 17. The total amount of energy emitted by a star is called its ______________. a. incandescence. d. magnitude. b. luminosity. e. apparent brightness. c. spectral brightness. 18. The total amount of energy emitted by a star is dependent upon ______________. a. its surface area and temperature. d. luminosity and temperature. b. its age and density. e. its age and distance from us. c. its size and distance from us. 19. Star A is hotter than star B. Star A will a. radiate more energy at all wavelengths across its visible and invisible spectrum than star B. b. be redder than star B. c. will have a peak energy emission at a shorter wavelength than star B. d. be less massive than star B. e. evolve more slowly than star B. 20. If an electron in a hydrogen atom were to jump from the n = 3 level to the n = 2 level, a. the atom will become more excited. (Three answers here) b. the total energy of the atom would become less. c. a specific quanta (amount) of energy would be released. d. the atom would return to its ground state. e. a photon of light visible to the human eye would be emitted. f. the atom would probably be radioactive.
Phys 108, Astronomy: The H-R diagram, Moravian College Astronomy Stellar Birth, Stars in General, Low Mass Stars Gary A. Becker, Instructor 5 21. According to the Bohr Theory of the atom, when a specific quanta or energy level is absorbed by an electron (Two answers here) , a. the atom will be said to be in an excited state. b. the total energy of the atom will become less. c. the electron will jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. d. the atom will become an ion. e. the atom will start to fluoresce or "glow." f. the total amount of energy of the atom will become greater. 22. If you look at the Sun's spectrum, it actually peaks a. in the red. c. in the green. b. in the blue. d. in the yellow. 23. The following statements are true. The sun’s surface temperature is 5778K. If that number is plugged into Wein’s Law, the wavelength of light which the sun most frequently emits is at 5016 Angstroms or 501.6 nanometers. This wavelength is converted into a color that is in the green part of the visible spectrum. Why is the sun not a green star? There are two correct answers for this question. a. Filters to view the sun selectively block shorter wavelengths of visible light giving the sun a misleading color of yellow to orange in appearance. b. The Earth ’ s atmosphere causes the sun to appear yellow or even orange, especially when the sun is high in the sky. c. The blackbody radiation curve for the sun puts it pretty much in the middle of the visible spectrum which is the color that we perceive as yellow. d. Actually, the presumption is incorrect. All of the colors in the visible part of the spectrum pretty much blend to make the sun appear white in visible light. The sun is really not a yellow star. e. None of the above.
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